Corporate Social Responsibility In Mauritius Accounting Essay

Corporate brotherly indebtedness In Mauritius Accounting EssayABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to inspect the current practice of CSR that bulletproofs in the pecuniary land and the tourism orbit, to a greater extent precisely banks and hotels, drive home to claim themselves in CSR activities and to rateigate the relationship amidst CSR and pecuniary performance. In Mauritius Corporate Social righteousness (CSR) has gained much popularity and has become a subject of concern, subsequently that the government has introduced an innovative legislation about CSR. Previous inquiry on the topic is criticismed, the engagement of Firm in CSR. This study by means of questionnaires, besides tries to frameigate their motivations behind investing in CSR. Data salt away was then analyzed using SPSS. The expirations highlighted that on that point are no differences between banks and hotels in the motives to engage in CSR activities. The results also highlighted that there i s a relationship between CSR and financial performance. Also the implications of former(a) findings are discussed and the study concludes with its limitations and directions for future research.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONOVERVIEW OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)Mauritius since Post- colonial independence, the coun canvass over the brook four decades put unity over seen the mono-crop sugar island, our first pillar of the economy has significantly moved from the Sugar industry to Financial services industry on self-aggrandizing scale offshore financial institutions from multinational companies to local industries, much(prenominal) as the Giant of Rogers Group, Air Mauritius, Island Blyth, Floreal Textile, Mauritius Commercial Bank (MCB), Barclays Bank, HSBC and others.The strongament of Corporate Social Responsibility has true exponentially in the last decades. In the past two decades, CSR appears to hold become more omnipresent and perceived as being in reality pertine nt to companies all over the world (Aras and Crowther, 2008). It is at the forefront of strategic outlook of contemporary organisations of all kinds. A larger number of companies than at any(prenominal) time before are engaged in a serious efforts to fasten and incorporate CSR into all facets of their stockes. In youthful forms a great(p) deal of time and attention has been devoted to the concept of corporate social province. This basis has considered it necessary to take nonice not only of the economic and financial transactions in a company, but also the social and environmental consequences a business places on its shareholders and society as well as the ecologic footprint in all aspects of their operations, which extends beyond their statutory obligation to comply with legislation.CSR has various(a)ly been expound as a motherhood issue (Ryan 2002, p. 302) the hot business issue of the noughties (Blyth 2005, p. 30) and the talk of the town in corporate circles these da ys (Mees Bonham 2004). In fact, the last few decades slang seen a rise in awareness on behalf of corporate bodies, on the issue that they have a moral duty to give something back to the society. This rise in awareness is plausibly the effect of the recent corporate scandals involving well reputed companies, such as Enron, Parmalat and WorldCom as well as the growing impact of climate change on the environment.One of the fundamental questions legato to be answered concerns the effect of corporate sociallyresponsible behavior on profitability. The answers one finds in the specialized literature arenumerous and often contradictory. Views appear from Corporate Social Responsibility can contribute to the financial performance of a company.This approach, has been described as enlightened shareholder approach, believes that corporate decision makers must consider a range of social and environmental matters if they are to maximize long term financial returns. Even if they sometimes can be, CSR initiatives are certainly not always compatible with other organizational strategic goals (namely growth and money- devising).(McWilliams, Siegel, Wright, 2006).Even though the data link between CSR and corporate performance remains sharp (Lindgreen, Swaen, Johnston, 2009), companies are following to CSR principles and practices and incorporating CSR principles and aims into their overall corporate strategy in exponential numbers (Godfrey Hatch, 2007 Lee, 2008 C. Smith, 2003).Similarly, as those major scandals have undeniably raised the view of edacity among senior managers, CSR is also seen as a tool for counteracting allegation of corporate greed (Deloitte report, 2008).Each company integrates Corporate Social Responsibility divers(prenominal)ly. The differences depend on factors such as companys size, the specific industry involved, the firms culture, stakeholder demands, and how progressive the company is in engaging CSR. Some companies concentrate on areas which they consider more important for them, for pattern human rights or environment while others incorporate CSR in all aspects fields of their operations.CSR IN MAURITIUSCSR initiatives go quite a long way in corporate Mauritius up to 20 years back. According to a report by Deloitte et al. (2008), it was found that the contribution in CSR has ongoing at varying point in time for the companies surveyed. Many enterprises are involved in CSR initiatives for the welfare of their employees and the society. Due to Government limited means to handle todays social problem, an appeal was do to the private sector in July 2009 to spend 2% of their profits to CSR activities. Government suggested that all gains from various companies regardless of their size should invest part of their profit into non advantageous organization such as charity, scientific research and wild life to restore and preserve nature in order to maintain a good balance in the ecological system which means to give back to nature. Moreover, the government has set up a national CSR committee comprising of representative members from the public sector, private sector and the civil society. Additionally, the companies need the approval of the CSR committee before the application or investment in any CSR activity. In the occurrence that a company has not spent the total amount of the compulsory two per cent of its profit, it should remit the remaining amount to the MRA.PROBLEM STATEMENTCSR is nowadays gaining more and more immenseness in particular after the major corporate scandals and due to changes in norms held by the general public. Such changes have given rise of the interest in the field of CSR. However, most studies have concentrated mostly on the consequences or end results of engaging in CSR activities. Furthermore many another(prenominal) researchers have worked to find any confirmable relationship between CSR and financial performance. Various Studies have identified different kinds of re lationship (positive, negative, no relationship), but currently there is no clear empirical relationship. CSR is problematic as it is often perceived that there is a contrast between CSR activity and nancial performance with one being harmful to the other and companies having an important to follow shareholder value.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe main goal of the study is to scrutinize the current practice of CSR and what are the motivations that lead firms to engage in CSR activities. The study also aims at evaluating the relationship between turnover and train of CSR activities undertaken. This is an issue which has been the subject of an ongoing debate and has become a topic of concern, in the Mauritian context, especially after that the local government revised legislation making investment in CSR activities compulsory.Objectives of the studyObjective 1 To investigate the current practice of CSR conducted by banks and hotels.Objective 2 To investigate what factors motivate firms t o increase their involvement in CSRObjective 3 To investigate how these firms benefited from conducting CSRObjective 4 To investigate the differences between firms in different sector of operation in the reasons to engage in CSR activities.Objective 5 To investigate whether there is a relationship between level of CSR activities undertaken and Financial performance.OUTLINE OF THE STUDYChapter One IntroductionThis chapter consists of general overview of CSR. It provides a brief overview of the growing importance of CSR in a general as well as in the context of Mauritius. It consists the problem statement along with the aims and objectives.Chapter Two Literature ReviewThis chapter consists of reviewing the existing literature by examining diverse articles pertaining to the subject matter. The literature review helps to have a go bad construeing of what different researchers found on CSR.Chapter Three Research MethodologyThis particular chapter describes who are the target population for this survey, what is the model size, what are the procedures and techniques used for data collection, the methods used to analyze the data to get results and limitation of the study.Chapter Four Results and DiscussionsThis chapter bases how the collected data is analyzed by carrying out various tests.Chapter Five Conclusions and RecommendationIn this chapter, conclusions are derived from the study and some recommendations are mentioned forward.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBLE A descriptionCorporate social responsibility (CSR) is a fast-growing facets of organizations. The European Commission defines CSR as a concept whereby companies decide voluntarily to contribute to a better society and a cleaner environment. (Simms 2002). Adams and Zutshi (2004) define it as the integration of business operations and values whereby the interest of all stakeholders including customers, employees, investors and the environment are reflected in an organisations actio ns and policies.In present concept of CSR states that the business enterprises is in their usual process of business decision making should pay due attention to the social interests of the people in the community. A company is not only an economic entity but a social and political entity also. Most of the decisions taken by businesses not only accept the stockholders but also the stakeholders namely, creditors, debtors, employees and the society at large in one way or the other. ( Kapoor and Sandhu, 2010).CSR is nowadays gaining more and more importance especially after the major events such as the collapse of Enron and the James Hardieas scoop outos scandal in Australia and due to changes in norms held by the general public. The argument about the place of CSR in the global economy continues with Solomons opinion that multinational corporations should take responsibility for the improvement of world-wide social and environmental conditions. (Scherer and Smid in Windsor 2001, p. 24 5).CSR is also looked upon as an umbrella term, including many other business concepts and social practices. Synonymous with some and overlapping a few others, CSR indicates the concept of common relations between businesses and society the world over. Businesses, however low-down or large, are governed by their place in society and have to take into account the responsibility they bear to the society, people and environment within which they operate.economic expert Theodore Levitt criticizes in the Harvard Business Review that is no longer fashionable for the corporation to take gleeful pride in making money. What fashionable for the corporation to show that it exists to serve the public (Time, 2008). It is now being more and more reckond world over that a firm cannot afford to function and continue in the long run unless it performs in a legitimate and socially responsible way.Moreover, many recent definitions draw attention to the financial benefits gained through CSR. For exam ple, Vaaland et al (2008, p. 931) apologize CSR as anxiety of stakeholder concern for responsible and irresponsible acts related to environmental, ethical and social phenomena in a way that creates corporate benefit. While Mittal et al (2008, p. 1437) define the concept as a business approach that views respect for ethics, people, communities and the environment as an integral strategy that improves the competitive position of a firm.Hence, it is important to understand the point that, whether corporations appreciate it or not, herein lies the idea of CSR. The matter is not that of profit earning alone for a corporation, but that of looking beyond the profit-making attitude. This awareness has made corporations identify the need of CSR and its application along with their particular businesses (Gupta and Saxena, 2006).Economics drivers of CSRResearchers have identified different method in which CSR approach to business decision making whitethorn lead to better financial performanc e.The following economic drivers have been viewed by the World Economic Forum and Business in the Community that have explained the adoption of the concept corporate social responsibility by companies around the world (ADL 2003). It is advocated that these drivers do not operate in isolation, and that different companies whitethorn have different drivers. Several drivers may also be stronger in different areas and for different companies. An alteration to adopt corporate social responsibility may stand up from a combination economics of drivers.Employee recruitment, motivation and retentionRecent studies show that corporate social responsibility is more and more an important factor in attracting and retaining a brilliant and diverse workforce (Globescan Inc 2005). Companies that cater for the interests of their employees by offering good working conditions leave behind attain better performance in name of quality and delivery, and, therefore, experience higher(prenominal) levels of productivity.Learning and innovationLearning and innovation are serious to the long-term survival of any business. Corporate social responsibility can be a vehicle for business to respond to environmental and social risks and turn these into business prospects.Reputation managementBusinesses function in a market of opinion. Depending on the judgment by customers, suppliers and the broader community on companies will have an impact on their profitability and achievement. Corporate social responsibility offers a means by which companies can manage and influence the attitudes and opinions of their stakeholders, building their trust and enabling the benefits of positive relationships to deliver business advantage.Risk profile and risk managementCorporate social responsibility offers more effective management of risk, helping companies to reduce unnecessary losses, identify new emerging issues and use positions of headship as a means to gain competitive advantage.Investor relations a nd access to niftyThe investment community is increasingly viewing corporate social responsibility as identical to long-term risk management and good governance practices. Recent studies show that analysts place as much emphasis on corporate reputation as they do on financial performance (Hill Knowltown 2006).Licence to operate A Global OutlookCompanies that fail to accomplish their duties to society as a all in all risk losing their licence to operate a concept whereby a companys stakeholders grant the company an unwritten authority to do business. This may be supported by favoring competitors, refuses or calls for deregistration.THEORETICAL PERSPECTIEVS OF CSR IN PRACTICECSR activities and practice used are not intended to be exactly the same in different companies. Companies have diverse resources and all cannot take responsibility to the same extent. According to Lantos (2001), organizations may practice three different forms of CSR namelyEthical CSRIt means going beyond t he firms economic and legal obligations and take actions that is morally mandatory. A corporation is morally responsible towards any individual or group that might be harmed or injured by a particular course of action. For example reduce shareholders profits and used the money to decrease pollution. Ethical CSR may in the long run generate goodwill by building the publics trust in the company. This will probably minimize the cost of fines and also bad publication that otherwise may prevail from unethical behaviour.Strategic CSRIt is an activity where there is a win-win stance. Both the company and some of the stakeholder will benefit. This type of CSR actions implies short-run sacrifices which will usually result in long-run gains. For example, Ford campaigned that children should be seated in booster-seats and gave away millions of such seats. This generated goodwill among customers and government regulators. They believe that the investment will be profitable in the end.Altruist ic CSR.It is when organizations are contributing to the common good and making the Society a better place on some sort of write off of the firm, involving corporate competences of the company to societal and community needs. Altruistic CSR goes beyond ethics and are actions that are not necessary for the company to take. The company does not reckon any financial gain from it. Examples of altruistic CSR are activities that aid the society to fight drug and alcohol problems, poverty, crimes and chronic unemployment.The three approaches are mutually single(a) and based on the activities nature (required or optional) and the purpose (stakeholders good, firms good), or both.Today businesses are facing high competition which many firms want to perceive as best quality or valuable in customer perception. Moreover, the number of multinational companies has been increasing each year and it demanded a higher responsibility for social, environmental and economic. As the result, the influenc e of Sustainable Development is growing and accepted from all people. Moreover, due to the environmental issue, many researchers are concerned about environment that many natural resources can be run out if we do not use it wisely.CSR emphasizes the concern of corporate action and accomplishment in the social sphere with a performance perspective, it is clear that firms must formulate and accomplish social goals and programs as well as integrate ethic sensitivity into decision making, policies, and actions(Carrol,1991). As in the present time, CSR turns peoples attention to be the perception of the corporate engagement, in terms of how well corporate is able to engage with stakeholders.Current practice of CSR globalIn practice much of the business activity that has been labeled as CSR has been determined by the concerns of investors, companies and consumers based in the worlds richest countries. National CSR agenda in mall and low income countries have been less viewed internatio nally.For the past five years or so, governments, companies and NGOs in many middle and low income countries have implemented CSR program from graveled countries through greater direct engagement. CSR activities have developed in countries such as China, India, South Africa, the Philippines, Brazil and others. Governments in middle income countries have pressed companies to engage in summiting these tasks, as with Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa encouragement of business efforts to reduce poverty in the Philippines.CSR has also potential link with government strategies aiming at ensuring better access of certain categories of citizens to the economy. One example of such strategy is the Citizen Economic empowerment in Zambia, which aims in particular at increasing local participation in economic activities.With detail to developing countries, one major CSR concern is that government will ignore corporate irresponsibility or refuse to enforce protective efforts or environm ental criteria in the law as an incentive to foreign investment (Aman, 2001). China for instance, has heavy-duty to incarnate negotiations, by law, and yet many people in jail for trying to use those rights (Diamond, 2003). Yet some developing country governments are transmitting laws requiring higher standards of responsible environmental or social ways in order to compete for foreign capital and institutional investment, in addition to competing on the more familiar rule of law issues of contract and property law rights, financial transparency and reduced government corruption (Hebb and Wojcik, 2004). Comparing these legal improvements in different emerging countries would be further helpful in understanding the contribution of CSR.Chapple and Moon (2005), have found that CSR in Asia is unrelated to preexisting levels of economic maturement but is related to the extent to which domestic companies engage in international trade, even where that trade is with other Asian nations.TH E CURRENT PRACTICE OF CSR BY BANKS AND HOTELS IN MAURITIUSMauritius is the first country in the world to require businesses to donate a portion of their profits to NGOs or government projects in the name of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).Apparently recognising the poor level of corporate citizenship in Mauritius, in 2009, the Ministry of Finance introduced the CSR Fund.A company using a Corporate Partner to implement its CSR programme will be allowed to spend only an amount not exceeding 25% of the CSR Fund. A company implementing CSR programme is eligible to administrative be not exceeding 15% of the CSR value.The company is provided a 12 months period from the end of its financial year to fund project from its CSR fund. If it has not given the 2% CSR fund then they will have to submit it to the MRA. The corporate programme form and Declaration by Applicant is presented below in Appendix D.Banks in Mauritius especially the leading one such as Mauritius Commercial Bank (MCB) , State Bank of Mauritius (SBM), HSBC, Barclays and such that, invest huge amount of money in CSR. Not only Banks but also in the Hotel sector invest in CSR. The role plays by some Banks and Hotels in CSR are briefly described belowMauritius Commercial Bank (MCB)J.Francois (2012), of the MCB Forward mental institution, in the Mauritius lexpress Journal talk about A CSR Budget of Rs 45 millions. The creation of the MCB foundation in 2010 was a step in the development of CSR activities of the group. Since its creation, MCB has always affirmed as a bank with a heart. The foundation gather dedicated professionals concentrated only on CSR and handle projects in medium and long terms. Moreover in 2007-2008, Rs23 millions have dedicated to CSR. In 2008-2009, it has been increased up to Rs30 millions. According to J. Francois (2012) the CSR budget varies with their profits. For the Financial year of 2009-2010, they predicted about Rs45 millions. They invest the money of CSR mainly in Eradi cation of Poverty, Vulnerable Children, Education, and Environment. The value proposition of the Foundation is described below.MCB Forward FoundationWhy the FoundationTo help meet the social and environment challenges of the countryMissionTo develop and support sustainable initiatives for the benefit of the community in which we live and work mountainTo be instrumental in the creation of sustainable value for the social, environmental and economic well-being of the communityHSBC MauritiusHSBC Mauritius has continued to invest in education, poverty sculptural relief and environmental sustainability. In the year ending December 2011, the HSBC group in Mauritius has spent 6 million Rupees on community investment. In addition to sustaining communities, HSBC has been constantly involved in environmental sustainability. It also has a long partnership with The Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, engaged in preventing rare species.Sun Resort (including La pirogue, le Tousserouk, Long beach hot el and such that)Sun Resort Company has commitment towards corporate social responsibility programmes at both local and national level has proved to be a very influential tool for the advancement of local communities and unprivileged circles of the population. In 2010, the Sun Resorts Cancer Trust helped a number of children and their families in their fight against cancer. The company also has opened a four-bed Cancer Unit at Victoria Hospital in May 2009. Corporate Social Responsibility donations made by Sun Resort Ltd during the year 2010 amounted to Rs3.9 million.Apart from Hotels and Banks, there are other private companies such as Terra, Ireland Blyth Limited (IBL), Omnicane and such that, they invest much in CSR projects. For instance, the IBL Foundation has financed 80 projects costing Rs17, 9 million. Rs6, 7 million for the socio economic development, Rs6,4 million for education and Rs1,2 million for sports. Moreover, there is the Omnicane Foundation which have spent Rs11, 1 million for vulnerable children, Health care, Education, Eradication of Poverty and on environment.MOTIVATIONS FOR FIRMS TO ENGAGE IN CSR ACTIVITIESTHEORETICAL PERSPECTIVESThe motivations for firms to engage themselves in CSR activities can thus be broadly viewed from two main perspectives which are strategic perspective and the moral perspective.Strategic motive relate with Agency speculationAgency theory put emphasis on the point that managers are recruited in order to work for the company that employs them, thus their major duty is to maximize the value of the firm and therefore the wealth of those who possess the company. Moreover, from an agency theory perspective, engagement in CSR activities is often viewed as a misused of companys resources which could instead be used invest in projects where profits are maximized. Nevertheless, managers will invest in CSR activities only if such investment will help them to improve the reputation of the firm or simply help them to incre ase shareholders wealth (Jones, 1995). However an agency problem may occur because of concern that the agent (e.g, the internal or external recipients of funds) will not follow the interests of the principal (e.g., the donor) who wishes to pursue CSR activities (Husted Allen, 2007). Very often, managers are motivated by their self- interest and therefore cannot be relied on to work in the best interest of shareholders.Strategic motive linked with the Resource-Based View TheoryThe Resource- Based View (RBV) theory regards CSR as a resource that firm must sleep together how to exploit in order to gain competitive advantages over its competitors. According to Branco and Rodrigues (2006) the firm in this model, is viewed as a unique bundle of resources and capabilities that is developed extra time as the firm interacts with all its stakeholders. This theory assumes that firms are a set of various resources and competences that are not exchangeable among firms.THE MORAL MOTIVE LINKED T O THE prescriptive STAKEHOLDER THEORYThe moral motive is also linked to the normative stakeholder theory, which is commonly known as intrinsic stakeholder commitment. Success of an organization, according to the stakeholder theory, depends on the ability of the firm to handle and manage its relationships with a number of constituents, such as financers, shareholders, customers, employees, suppliers and then community at large (Donaldson and Preston, 1995).According to Freeman (1984), managers also bear a fiduciary relationship to stakeholders instead of having solely fiduciary duties towards owners of the firm. Similarly, Donaldson and Preston (1995) defined stakeholders as persons or groups with legitimate interests in procedural and or substantive aspects of corporate activity. Thus, CSR is viewed as a means of fulfilling the duties that the company has towards its stakeholders, and therefore it is crucial that the firm engage itself in CSR activities that are significant to the s takeholders. However, the more influential stakeholders are, the more the company has to even out itself to their demands and this has given rise to questions whether firms engage themselves in CSR activities because they really want to assume their social and moral responsibilities or this is done only to get strategic advantages such as to prevent any stakeholder from withdrawing their support to the firm.Meijer, Bakle, Smith Schuyt (2006) argued that despite the fact it is rational to presume that companies want to do good for the society, it is also true that managers of those companies realize that this will benefit their organizations as well. Thus, put in simpler terms even though reporting pure unselfish intentions, firms engage themselves in CSR from strategic perspectives.On the other hand, Graafland and Van de Ven (2006) exposed through their study that despite some firms strongly believed that engaging in CSR activities might lead to improvement in profitability, sweet ener of reputation and more employee commitment, they were also much concerned with making the world a better place to live.BENEFITS OF ENGAGEMENT IN CSR ACTIVITIESThis section will try to examine what are those advantages firms get by investing in social activities which, as many academics found, ultimately leads to improvement in the firms financial performance.According to Galbreath (2009), there are only three main benefits a firm can derive from investing in CSR activities and they are namely increased customer merriment reduced employee turnover and improved reputation and. It is these benefits that will consequently lead to improvements in the financial performance of the company.Increased customer satisfactionCustomers are one of the most important stakeholders of a firm and by meeting justice needs of customers, CSR is likely to increase customer satisfaction (Galbreath, 2009). Hence, customer satisfaction may lead to brand loyalty and consequently improve and increase fu ture sales of the firm.Reduced employee turnoverEmployee turnover is of the essence since the loss of human capital in companies can have dramatic effects on competitive advantage of a company (Barney, 1991 Huselid, 1995). A key potential gain from CSR initiatives involves establishing the situation that can contribute to increasing the dedication and incentive of employees to become more innovative and dynamic. Galbreath (2009) found that, owing to demonstrated justice, socially responsive activities appear to be a means to reduce employee turnover.Turban and Greening (1997) found that demonstrating CSR is essential for attracting potential employees. In their study on French firms, Maignan and Ferrell (2001) found that CSR is positively linked with employee commitment. Companies employing CSR related perspectives and tools tend to be businesses that provide the prerequisite for increased loyalty and commitment form their staffs.Such conditions can facilitate recruitment of employe es, retaining and motivating them to develop skills, reduce absenteeism, and may also translate into marginally less demands for higher wages (Deloitte Report, 2008). According to Galbreath (2009), firms that are unjust, that does not exhibit comportments that match with employees moral or ethical frameworks are prone to obtain negative results that affect profitability. Therefore, reducing employee turnover is crucial so that a firm can improve its performance. meliorate reputationMoreo

Responsibilities Of Man In The Family English Literature Essay

Responsibilities Of Man In The Family English Literature EssayFamily is an assembly of people who aim marital relationship and blood related individuals, living infra the same roof. A group of domainy families living together is considered a society. In different words, family is a cell of a modern society. Each and either individual has the responsibility of building up a happy family. In the current world, the man plays a very special intention which affects non except his current family but also later generations.There is a saying in Vietnamese Men are the angiotensin-converting enzymes who build the house, while women are the one who create the home. We can see that the man is always the strong one, who does the heaviest performance for his family. However, it does not mean that the mans role is just to support the family financially, building the house or providing settlement. In contrast, the man should also help the womans duties such(prenominal) as raising children or doing house works. In my opinion, world a man of the family is not a simple job because he has to use as much of his strength as possible to build up his family. Hence, it seems to be a difficult work for all men in the world.Marriage is a combination of the man and the woman, according toMignon McLaughlin, an American journalist and author, a happy marriage requires falling in love many times, always with the same person (Quotation 31121 from Laura Moncurs Motivational Quotations). To wrench the man of the family, firstly, he has to be a good conserve. A good husband is the man who understands his wifes needs and wants. Any woman wants her husband to be a successful man and always portion with her all problems in life. Zig Ziglar (also cognize as Hilary Hinton Ziglar) said Many marriages would be better if the husband and the wife netly understood that they are on the same side.For the Christians, when a man and a woman are getting married, they always promise to love ea ch other forever and be side by side through sickness, pauperization, eve the tall(prenominal)est times of life. Therefore, we can easily see that love is the first requirement of being a husband. The husband needs to give his wife the love and to devotion her like his most important property, not a maid for free in the house. Intense love, compassion, altruism, understanding from the husband is the thing woman wants the most. I speculate a man should open his mind to listen to his wife because thats one of the moral standards. Listening and understanding is always the important thing to do for his wife. consort to Swedish Proverb, Shared joy is a double joy, and shared grief is half the grief. As we may know, a woman loves by eyes and ears, consequently she leave behind be very happy when she gets a good compliment from the husband. In addition, when the wife feels happy, she provide do everything to make her family become happier and happier. Therefore, I cogitate sharin g with woman can help man build up a happy family much easier. Displaying your love and respect to your wife, the mother of your children, is a clear demonstration about how to love and respect important people in their lives. (Mark Greenfield, Becoming a perfect father)Dividing the responsibilities in a family depends on cultures. For example, it is common for many household that the husband is the only one who goes to work and gives financial support for the whole family, while the wife develops care of all the house works and raises children. Rarely, the husband will do some part of the chores when he feels like it. In this situation, the man of the family becomes the main financial provider. However, in some other families, many hard works such as fixing or maintaining the houses equipments can be done by paying a third party service. Hence, making property becomes the most important assignment that the man has to concentrate on. Because making money is a busy and tense work, a man sometimes forgets to do other activities with his wife and children such as go to a base ball game, or spending an hour to help his wife washing the dishes. As a result, it is one of the reasons which make family members often separate from each other. Moreover, it is not a good situation at all and it must be changed. I in person think the man in the house must not only care about the financial support but also participate on other family activities. According to Dr. Phil McGraw, if men want to be successful in their marriage and family life, they have to change and broaden their definition of what it means to be successful as a man. Being a good provider, protector, leader and teacher is a privilege that comes with responsibilities that many men arent aware of.(The role of the man in the family)Nowadays, there are many women choose to be single mothers. They are confident that even when lacking the support of the men, they can still be fitting to live well, raising the chi ldren to become good people without the need of their childrens father. However, that will not give the children all the care they need, as a proverb in Vietnamese the child without his/her father is like the house without its roof. On the other hand, the mother cannot teach her child all the skills that the childs father can do. No amour how masculine the woman is, there are always tasks that only men can do. How can she raise her son to become a real man, without the heart of all the feminine she has? And how can she give her precious girl a good imagine of the daughters future partner? They will just simply take all the trait of their only parent, thus hardening all the tasks on the mother, will may not relevant at early age, but become more clearly as they grow up.A life without a man in the family will cause many difficulties to the woman. As the result, she will have to do all the house works, while taking care of the kids and keeping the familys financial situation at an ac ceptable rate. How does she suppose to do all that jobs at the same time? If the woman is in a rich family, or she already has a well paying job, then the tasks can be less(prenominal) pressuring. However, those are only rare exceptions. In contrast, many single mothers having trouble balancing the duties all at once. Therefore, she will need a man to share all the weight on her shoulder in order to keep the family happy and affluent at all time. According to Census Bureau Reports, in 2006, 12.9 million families in the U.S. were headed by a single-parent, 80% of which were headed by a female. Single parent families are at a higher risk of poverty than couple families, and on average single mothers have poorer health than couple. Single parenting is strongly associated with an increased risk of a number of negative social, behavioral and randy outcomes for children.Educating the kids is not an individual task. In contrast, must be done by both(prenominal) the parents. Children are extremely sensitive, and always eager to learn new things from the world. all(prenominal) little thing from the outer environment will affect their perspective. In addition, it will decide the childrens behaviour when they grow up. They will just simply pantomime all what they think that are interesting. However, the actions that the children try to mimic may not be all right. Supposedly there may be bad behaviours such as bullying or stealing. As time goes by, they will consider that those actions are the righteous, without regarding its true meaning. Therefore, parents always have to act as role model, not only while teaching their kid, but in everyday actions. Its similar to growing a tree, if we dont take care enough since it was a seed, the tree will not give out its expected juicy fruit. For example, considering a family of the sporty type, in which there are many sports activities are done by both the father and the son. The boy will soon get the habit of doing sport, and k eep practicing them when he grows up. Moreover, that man will spread his hobby to the next generation when he starts having family on his own. In the other hand, in the family of the arguing type, where parents always shout at each other, the children will be affected, and become mentally ill. That cycle will continue forever, until there are changes in the new family. However, that does not mean that any successful men can also success in being a father. Sometime, the man focuses his mind completely to his busy career, and then forgets his duty as a father. It will make some bad effects on the child. Therefore, I believe its important for the man to balance between his family and job. Closeness to fathers during childhood is positively related to adult daughters and sons educational and occupational mobility and their psychological fitting and well-being. Amato, P.R. (1994) Father-child relations, mother-child relations, and offspring psychological well-being in early adulthoodIn my opinion, father plays an important role in affecting teenagers personality. For example, the girls always use their fathers images as the model for their boy friend or future husband. If the relationship between father and daughter is close and they often have conservations together, the girl will be more confident in choosing boyfriend. When the girl has better understanding of the opposite gender, she can avoid misunderstandings and unnecessary worries. As a female, when the girl gets dressed, she wants to be the totality of the attentions. Therefore, if the father can understand and commend on her dresses, it will affect to her way of dressing and living. In other hand, a boy always has his whodunit which is not easy to say out. In addition, he is easy to be influent by his friends bad habits. Therefore, if he has a good guider who encourages his mind and knowledge, he will be prevented from the wrong way in his life. Furthermore, the boy will be deeply getting his father ch aracters effect.There is substantial involvement of fathers in a subset of this high-risk sample, although more than a quarter of the children lacked a father or father figure. The mere presence of a father did not significantly influence the neglect of the children rather, the nature of his involvement did. Fathers who felt more effective as parents were less likely to have neglected their children. A greater spirit of efficacy may reflect parenting skills and be important in enhancing the contribution of fathers to their childrens well-being. Dubowitz H., MD, MS Black M.M., PhD Kerr M.A., MS 2000 Father and Child NeglectIn conclusion, the man plays a very important role in the family. He has to fulfill the duty of not only the husband, the father but also the mental leader. As a husband, he has to understand and sympathy with his wife, his soul-mate. As a father, he has the responsibility to teach his son and daughter the skills needed to become good people. As a mental leader, he has to remain calm and strong in any situations. However, it is not easy to perform all those tasks perfectly simultaneously, but with a strong heart and a clear determination, nothing is impossible.BIBLIOGRAPHIESDubowitz H., MD, MS Black M.M., PhD Kerr M.A., MS 2000 Father and Child Neglect Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 pp.154135-141Nord, Christine Winquist, Father Involvement in Schools. ERIC Digets.Eirini Flouri and Ann Buchanan, The Role of Father Involvement and Mother Involvement in Adolescents Psychological Well-being, British Journal of Social Work (2003)Mignon McLaughlin, quotation 31121, from Laura Moncurs Motivational Quotations.Zig Ziglars noted quotation from www.famous-quotes-and-quotations.com/ marriage-quotes.htmlSwedish Proverb, quotation from http//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Swedish_proverbsSAmato, P.R. (1994) Father-child relations, mother-child relations, and offspring psychological well-being in early adulthoodBergman, Mike (March 27, 2007). Single-Parent House holds Showed Little Variation Since 1994. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2009-08-31Dr Phil McGraw, the role of the man in the familyMark Greenfield, becoming a perfect father

Comradeship in James Hanleys The German Prisoner, Ernest Hemingways F

Comradeship in James Hanleys The German Prisoner, Ernest Hemingways F arewell to Arms, Not So Quiet, All Quiet on the western Front, and Pat Bakers RegenerationFor many soldiers and volunteers, life on the fronts during the war means danger, and there are few if any distractions from its horrors. Each chumminess serves as a divergence from the daily atrocities and makes life tolerable. Yet, the same bonds that most World contend literature romantically portrays can be equally negative. James Hanleys The German Prisoner, shows the horrifying results of such alliances, while Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemmingway reveal that occasionally, few individuals like Lieutenant Henri seek solidarity outside the combat zone. Smithy of Not So Quiet and Paul Baumer in All Quiet on the Western Front demonstrate the importance and advantages of comradeship while giving credence to the romance of these connections. Pat Barkers Regeneration depicts Siegfried Sassoon, as an officer who places com radeship and honor above his own personal anti war convictions. Regardless of the consequences, each demonstrates not only the different results of comradeship but also its great power and level of importance to each character in the abovementioned writings. James Hanley provides an uncommon perspective of comradeship that contrasts the usual romantic representations by different World War 1 writers. Elston is from Manchester, England, a poor industrial city and OGarra is from the impoverished town of Dublin, Ireland (48). Both men enlist in the service to escape their beggary and squalid environments. OGarro is physically repulsive and the more aggressive of the two but loathes Elston who contrasts him in disposition and phys... ...ing it had hardenedSiegfrieds solution wasgoing rumpto look after some men (249). This was the truth Sassoon, still disillusioned, returns to the front out of a strong sense of obligation and honor. Comradeship disrupts Sassoons ohmic resist ance and allows his passionate protest to quell. Overall, these works reveal the broad effects of comradeships. Some, like The German Prisoner are potentially dangerous alliances and can be negative. Conversely, comradeship similar to that of Paul Baumer and Kat, and Smithy and the other volunteers, allow the reader to explore the resultant intimacy of comradeships between people of similar and different backgrounds. Still other bonds similar to Henris and Catherines shun traditional comradeship and all its romantic ideals. Finally, it is Hemmingway who shows the power that comradeship wields over a soldier.

Essay --

cardinal Shades of Hu serviceman DevelopmentMonique RichardsonGeorgia State UniversityChristian grayness is one of the main characters of the novel and trilogy Fifty Shades of grizzly by E.L. James. Christian Grey is the owner and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings Inc. At the age of twenty-eight years old, Christian appears to be an altogether, young, successful, handsome business man but he has a dark side. Christian secretly practices BDSM with consenting women who agree to keep his secret by contract. BDSM stands for bondage, discipline, dominance, submission, sadism, and masochism. Christian was born in Detroit and adoptive by the Grey family in Seattle, WA at quadruplet years old after his mother commits suicide he was alone with her body for four days without food. Christian Grey has many stressful events throughout his life that caused him to lack from developmental stages from childhood to adulthood. At four years old, Christian Grey is neglected by his birth mother who he refers to in adulthood as the crack whore. He was physically abused by her ply who also made him to be a human ashtray. When his mother commits suicide, Christian remains in the same hotel room with her body for four days with nought to eat except frozen peas. After Christian was adopted by the Grey family, he remained throughout early to middle adulthood vulnerable to his memories of the noncurrent by having recurrent nightmares. When Christian was fifteen years old, he began his first BDSM secret affair with Mrs. Robinson, an older married woman and friend of the Grey family who believed such a relationship would help his delinquent behavior. Christian goes through child mistreatment and abuse throughout his life. He suffered from physical abuse, child neglect, ... ...osite sex. In adulthood, Christians perspective of his birth mother as the crack whore continues because of his memories of her lack of nurturing and attention to his needs to find other ways to be self-suffici ent at a young age. In connection to Freuds theory, Christian remains in the phallic stage in adulthood because sex is his outlet for his deep, clear issues with his mother. E.L. James portrays Christian Greys character development with abuse, Freuds theory, and Eriksons theory throughout the novel, Fifty Shades of Grey. Reference PageJames, E. L. (2012). Fifty shades of Grey. New York Vintage Books.Prior, Emily . What is BDSM?. Examiner.com. N.p., 22 June 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2013. .Santrock, J. W. (2011). Life-span development (13th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Irregular Religions Essay -- Social Issues, Poverty

Perhaps the strongest basis for one critics belief that Major Barbara had an utter want of the religious sense comes from the piety and adopted religion of Andrew Undershaft. An armorer, Undershaft founded his creed on the belief that honor, justice, truth, and mercy are graces and luxuries of a rich, strong, and safe life (93). To Undershaft, social problems such as sloth and inebriation rump be traced back to poverty, for a mans first duty, to which every other consideration should sacrificed, is not to be poor (15). Shaw makes this point distinctly in the plays preface, and argues his own cynical views through the mouth of Undershaft. Shaw explains through Undershaft that poverty is the worst of all crimes (142). The impoverished poison the country morally and physically they force those not poor to do away with their own liberties and to organize unnatural cruelties for fear that the poor should rise against the wealthy and drag the wealthy down into their abyss (142). Life has proven to Undershaft that money is a divinity on Earth money allowed him to raise his family comfortably despite the less-than-reputable source from which he obtained it (namely, war). Because his faith of money and gunpowder is unconventional in its generally strict focus on the economic aspects of life, the faith leaves little room for the traditional spiritualism and morality of religion. Undershaft admits that he would not have the income of a poor man for all his conscience (88). In Undershafts religion, typical morality that is, earning money in a respectable way, believing death and demise are abominations, and seeing God as that which rules the world has no place. Undershaft takes advantage of the ... ...ara has learned from the Army, a starving man will say anything to get the bread, furthering Crosstianity or else than absolving his soul (142). While Shaw respects the Salvation Armys intentions in trying to rid the country of poverty, he believes only a revolution can destroy it completely and that the Armys attempt to save people individually is ultimately futile. The Army is not saving their souls rather, it forces them to sin by deceit to gain food. Barbara comes to this understanding at the end of the play, and by it she is converted again to the saving of souls, this time through the raising of hell to heaven and of man to God essentially, by bringing goodness and spirituality into her fathers factory of death (152). Through her strength and spirituality Barbara finds hope and reaffirms the true, if unconventional, Christianity she practices.

Freud’s Impact on Bronte’s Wuthering Heights and Giorgio de Chirico’s T

Freuds Impact on Brontes Wuthering Heights and Giorgio de Chiricos The Vexations of the Thinker The 1920 publication of Beyond the Pleasure Principle formalise a meaningful shift in Sigmund Freuds theory of sexual drive his original hypothesis distinguished the ego intellects from the sexual instincts. Subsequent psychoanalytic researches draw in him to refine this configuration . . . psycho-analysis observed the regularity with which libido is withdrawn from the object and directed on the ego (the process of introversion) and, by studying the libidinal development of children in its earliest phases, came to the conclusion that the ego is the true and original reservoir of libido, and that it is only from that reservoir that libido is extended on to objects. 1 Freud recognizes the narcissistic nature of sexual instinct still clings to a dual (read non-Jungian) model for instinctual drive. He . . . describes the opposition as being, not between ego-instincts and sexual instin cts plainly between life instincts and cobblers last instincts (Freud 64). Freud sees the natural finish of the sexual drive as reproduction - life - and the natural goal of the ego as death. This newest polarity leads to Freuds exploration of the so-called perversions, sadism and masochism, as they characterize the death instinct. It may seem odd to equate sadism with narcissism considering that a sadist receives pleasure only from anothers pain. But is it not plausible, Freud asks, to suppose that this sadism is in fact a death instinct which, under the influence of the narcissistic ego, has been forced away from the ego and consequently only emerged in relation to the object? He goes on to explain tha... ...irico builds a wall of narcissism to entrap his solitary figure. This fact leads me to draw a parallel between the figure in de Chiricos painting and Charlotte Bronts Heathcliff. Both suffer unnecessarily. Arguably, both(prenominal) would be better off dead. But their p ain keeps them going even as it slowly kills them. Life serves death serves . . . life. Yes, we are slowly moving toward death, but each step is a lively one. Works Cited 1 Sigmund Freud. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1961 (62). Hereafter cited parenthetically. 2 During the oral stage of organization of the libido, the act of obtaining erotic restraint over an object coincides with that objects destruction (Freud 65). 3 Charlotte Bront. Wuthering Heights. New York TOR Books, 1989 (177). Hereafter cited parenthetically.

Brains, Blood, Sweat, and Tears :: essays papers

Brains, Blood, Sweat, and TearsYou can accomplish anything with thought and hard domesticate Justin Craig-KuhnTo overcome obstacles is human. When something stands in our way, its Give me liberty or give me death in many cases. No matter how difficult a dispatch may seem, hard work and determination will pull us through (or at least, thats what we tell ourselves). In many cases, it turns out that we do pull through, beating the odds, feeling a great sense of accomplishment in the process. A case and point of this would be the technological and architectural marvels advanced humanity has created. Indeed, this is exactly what is represented in these two works.Memorial Bridge seems to capture the essence of human effort. This nearly impressionistic piece depicts a characterisation in which workers are constructing a bridge in the foreground. Receding into the horizon is what looks to be a highly industrialized city (for 1932) , with smoke rising into the shine from factory smokestacks. The fact that parts of this piece seem to be painted in an impasto fashion, coup guide with the rather bland colors that make up the piece, leads to the liking of slow but steady movement. Indeed, when I look at this piece, I feel as though I am included in this company of workers, helping them to overcome the obstacle of constructing this bridge. If the background goes to show what this city has already accomplished, the foreground tells me that the work is still in progress. In fact, I am led to the idea that our work is never done we continually strive for bigger and bigger challenges. Only our blood, sweat, and tears stand in the way of great existent accomplishments.The second painting, by Peters, also represents the idea of human effort. The technique used to paint this picture seems to be very calculated, but simple, hinting that this tectonic painting is somewhat the mind. The huge suspension bridge that is shown seems to disappear into the vastness o f the blue sky, reminding me of the old saying The skys the limit, even though this no all-night holds true (the pictures point exactly). This directly leads to the conclusion that this piece is about the abilities of the human mind to overcome problems. The suspension bridge was a rather new invention at the time this piece was painted, leading me to believe that Peters probably looked on this architectural giant as we would look at a space shuttle today (i.