Digital Fortress Chapter 66-70 Free Essays

Part 66 Becker crossed the concourse toward the rest room entryways just to discover the entryway checked CABALLEROS obstructed by an orange arch and a cleaning truck loaded up with cleanser and mops. He looked at the other entryway. DAMAS. We will compose a custom article test on Advanced Fortress Chapter 66-70 or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now He walked over and rapped noisily. â€Å"Hola?† he called, pushing the ladies’ room entryway open an inch. â€Å"Con permiso?† Quiet. He went in. The rest room was run of the mill, Spanish institutional-entirely square, white tile, one glowing bulb overhead. Not surprisingly, there was one slow down and one urinal. Regardless of whether the urinals were ever utilized in the women’s washrooms was unimportant including them spared the temporary workers the cost of building the additional slow down. Becker looked into the rest room in sicken. It was tarnished. The sink was stopped up with dim earthy colored water. Grimy paper towels were thronw all over. The floor was doused. The old electric hand blower on the divider was spread with greenish fingerprints. Becker stepped before the mirror and moaned. The eyes that typically gazed back with wild clearness were not all that unmistakable today around evening time. To what extent have I been going around here? he pondered. The math got away from him. Out of scholarly propensity, he shimmied his necktie’s Windsor hitch up on his neckline. At that point he went to the urinal behind him. As he remained there, he wound up thinking about whether Susan was home yet. Where might she be able to have gone? To Stone Manor without me? â€Å"Hey!† a female voice behind him said irately. Becker hopped. â€Å"I-I’m†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he stammered, hustling to speed up. â€Å"I’m sorry†¦ I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Becker went to confront the young lady who had quite recently entered. She was a youthful sophisticate, directly off the pages of Seventeen Magazine. She wore moderate plaid pants and a white sleeveless shirt. In her grasp was a red L. L. Bean duffel. Her fair hair was consummately blow-dried. â€Å"I’m sorry.† Becker bumbled, clasping his belt. â€Å"The men’s room was†¦ anyway†¦ I’m leaving.† â€Å"Fuckin’ weirdo!† Becker did a twofold take. The irreverence appeared to be improper originating from her lips-like sewage spilling out of a cleaned decanter. In any case, as Becker considered her, he saw that she was not as cleaned as he’d first idea. Her eyes were puffy and ragged looking, and her left lower arm was swollen. Underneath the rosy disturbance on her arm, the substance was blue. Jesus, Becker thought. Intravenous medications. Who might have speculated? â€Å"Get out!† she hollered. â€Å"Just get out!† Becker quickly disregarded the ring, the NSA, every last bit of it. His heart went out to the little youngster. Her folks had likely sent her here with some private academy study program and a VISA card-and she’d wound up isolated in a washroom in the late evening taking medications. â€Å"Are you okay?† he asked, backing toward the entryway. â€Å"I’m fine.† Her voice was haughty. â€Å"You can leave now!† Becker went to go. He shot her lower arm a last dismal look. There’s nothing you can do, David. Disregard it. â€Å"Now!† she hollered. Becker gestured. As he left he gave her a tragic grin. â€Å"Be careful.† Section 67 â€Å"Susan?† Hale gasped, his face in hers. He was sitting, one leg on either side of her, his full weight on her midriff. His tailbone ground horrendously into her pubis through the meager texture of her skirt. His nose was trickling blood all over her. She tasted upchuck in the rear of her throat. His hands were at her chest. She didn't feel anything. Is it accurate to say that he is contacting me? It paused for a minute for Susan to acknowledge Hale was closing her top catch and concealing her. â€Å"Susan.† Hale wheezed, short of breath. â€Å"You’ve got the chance to get me out of here.† Susan was in a shock. Nothing seemed well and good. â€Å"Susan, you’ve got the chance to support me! Strathmore executed Chartrukian! I saw it!† It paused for a minute for the words to enlist. Strathmore executed Chartrukian? Solidness clearly had no clue Susan had seen him first floor. â€Å"Strathmore realizes I saw him!† Hale disagreement. â€Å"He’ll slaughter me too!† Had Susan not been short of breath with dread, she would have chuckled in his face. She perceived the separation and-vanquish mindset of an ex-Marine. Imagine lies-set your adversaries in opposition to one another. â€Å"It’s true!† he hollered. â€Å"We’ve got the opportunity to call for help! I think we’re both in danger!† She didn't accept a word he said. Hale’s solid legs were squeezing, and he moved up on his backside to move his weight marginally. He opened his mouth to talk, yet he never found the opportunity. As Hale’s body rose, Susan felt the dissemination flood once again into her legs. Before she recognized what had occurred, a reflex impulse yanked her left leg back hard into Hale’s groin. She felt her kneecap smash the delicate sac of tissue between his legs. Sound whimpered in anguish and right away went limp. He moved onto his side, gripping himself. Susan contorted free from his deadweight. She stumbled toward the entryway, knowing she’d never be sufficiently able to get out. Settling on a brief instant choice, Susan situated herself behind the long maple meeting table and dove her feet into the floor covering. Kindly the table had casters. She walked energetically toward the curved glass divider, pushing the table before her. The casters were acceptable, and the table moved well. Most of the way across Node 3, she was at a full run. Five feet from the glass divider, Susan hurled and let go. She jumped aside and secured her eyes. After a nauseating split, the divider detonated in a shower of glass. The hints of Crypto hurried into Node 3 just because since its development. Susan turned upward. Through the rough opening, she could see the table. It was all the while rolling. It spun wide circles out over the Crypto floor and in the end vanished into the dimness. Susan slammed her mutilated Ferragamo’s in a good place again, shot a last look at the as yet squirming Greg Hale, and ran over the ocean of broken glass out onto the Crypto floor. Section 68 â€Å"Now wasn’t that easy?† Midge said with a scoff as Brinkerhoff gave over the way to Fontaine’s office. Brinkerhoff looked beaten. â€Å"I’ll eradicate it before I go,† Midge guaranteed. â€Å"Unless you and your significant other need it for your private collection.† â€Å"Just get the cursed printout,† he snapped. â€Å"And then get out!† â€Å"Si, senor,† Midge clucked in a thick Puerto Rican emphasize. She winked and headed over the suite to Fontaine’s swinging doors. Leland Fontaine’s private office looked in no way like the remainder of the directorial suite. There were no compositions, no overstuffed seats, no ficus plants, no classical tickers. His space was smoothed out for effectiveness. His glass-beat work area and dark calfskin seat sat legitimately before his tremendous picture window. Three file organizers remained in the corner close to a little table with a French press coffeepot. The moon had ascended high over Fort Meade, and the delicate light sifting through the window highlighted the distinction of the director’s decorations. What the heck am I doing? Brinkerhoff pondered. Midge walked to the printer and gathered up the line list. She squinted in the murkiness. â€Å"I can’t read the data,† she whined. â€Å"Turn on the lights.† â€Å"You’re perusing it outside. Presently come on.† Be that as it may, Midge was clearly having a fabulous time. She played with Brinkerhoff, strolling to the window and calculating the readout for a superior view. â€Å"Midge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She continued perusing. Brinkerhoff moved restlessly in the entryway. â€Å"Midge†¦ please. These are the director’s private quarters.† â€Å"It’s here somewhere,† she mumbled, examining the printout. â€Å"Strathmore avoided Gauntlet, I know it.† She drew nearer to the window. Brinkerhoff started to perspire. Midge continued perusing. After a couple of seconds, she heaved. â€Å"I knew it! Strathmore did it! He truly did! The idiot!† She held up the paper and shook it. â€Å"He avoided Gauntlet! Have a look!† Brinkerhoff gazed puzzled a second and afterward hustled over the director’s office. He swarmed in close to Midge before the window. She highlighted the finish of the readout. Brinkerhoff read in dismay. â€Å"What the†¦?† The printout contained a rundown of the last thirty-six records that had entered TRANSLTR. After each document was a four-digit Gauntlet freedom code. Be that as it may, the keep going document on the sheet had no freedom code-it basically read: manual detour. Jesus, Brinkerhoff thought. Midge strikes once more. â€Å"The idiot!† Midge faltered, fuming. â€Å"Look at this! Gauntlet dismissed the record twice! Transformation strings! He despite everything skirted! What the heck was he thinking?† Brinkerhoff felt powerless kneed. He asked why Midge was in every case right. Neither of them saw the reflection that had showed up in the window next to them. An enormous figure was remaining in Fontaine’s open entryway. â€Å"Jeez,† Brinkerhoff gagged. â€Å"You think we have a virus?† Midge murmured. â€Å"Nothing else it could be.† â€Å"Could be none of your damn business!† the profound voice blasted from behind them. Midge thumped her head against the window. Brinkerhoff tipped over the director’s seat and wheeled toward the voice. He promptly knew the outline. â€Å"Director!† Brinkerhoff heaved. He walked over and expanded his hand. â€Å"Welcome home, sir.† The immense man overlooked it. â€Å"I-I thought,† Brinkerhoff stammered, withdrawing his hand, â€Å"I thought you were

Strategic asset management plan University of glamorgan Essay

Key resource the board plan University of glamorgan - Essay Example The University of Glamorgan is completely dedicated towards giving a high class learning condition to incorporate e-learning, mentor assistance and work of front line learning offices to empower the understudies to profit scholastically and socially. In this manner it is felt that forthcoming businesses ought to be anxious to secure the abilities which have been created in understudies by an extraordinary and invigorating scholastic program. This ought to likewise make a desire for development and accomplishment in the understudies. These are no uncertainty commendable vital targets for any learning foundation which consider to cultivate development of the foundation so as to profit its essential partner, the understudy. The twin points of view of giving work in the quick time allotment on leaving the foundation and making an inclination for continued individual and expert development in the understudies are additionally excellent. A Strategic Asset Management plan streams from the n eeds set by the University for continued turn of events. The vital needs of Glamorgan University have been summed up as follows:- Improve the general nature and nature of understudy understanding Improve the nature of understudy admission. A high evaluation research and consultancy profile ought to be created and post graduate movement ought to be extended. Infra structure ought to be improved. Individuals based quality upgrades ought to be embraced. Add to the territorial just as the key association plan. Add to Glamorgan's equivalent chances and social consideration motivation. Give a global profile to Glamorgan's notoriety. Give a positive e-world data and interchanges advancement program. (Technique: 2006). An investigation of the key destinations of the University will uncover that advantages structure a significant aspect for its accomplishment. While a portion of the points as progress of infra structure are essential to improvement of benefits, others, for example, improving the nature of admission and advancing experience of understudies will to a huge degree be reliant on the capacity of the University to have a much looked for after atmosphere of learning. The general objectives of commitment to the bigger network in Wales are likewise reliant on commitment to the earth on the loose. While keeping up a global

Using Laughter as a Coping Mechanism

Using Laughter as a Coping Mechanism Stress Management Management Techniques Print Laughter as a Coping Mechanism By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on May 31, 2019 LM Photo/ Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Physical Techniques Relaxation Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Many people find themselves feeling embarrassed when they look back on mistakes theyve made, even in childhood. Although social missteps and well-intentioned mistakes are common and virtually unavoidable over the course of ones lifetime, many of us beat ourselves up over the embarrassing things weve done in the past. This can be a significant source of stress, particularly for those who experience some level of anxiety, particularly social anxiety. Many people have found solace with the simple idea that, someday well look back on this and laugh.” When we become able to laugh about the embarrassing things weve done in the past, we take the shame out of the memory and replace it with camaraderie, or at least a good measure of humor. This can de-stress the experience and the memory of it. Finding a group of friends, or even just one good friend, who can share the burden of embarrassment by sharing a good laugh, can be transformative. Learning the skill of being able to look at memories this way can enable us to be more forgiving with ourselves and others. It can even enable us to react less with embarrassment and more with good humor to mistakes we make in the present, particularly if we imagine that the someday when well be laughing about this, can be today. Laughing at what stresses or embarrasses us is an inborn ability for some, but can be a learned skill for others. You can also enhance your ability to do this, so it becomes a habit that comes much more easily and automatically. If youd like to expand your ability to laugh at stressful situations, the following tips can help you to further develop this skill. Take a Step Back One of the main goals of finding the humor in a stressful situation is to use the humor to create distance between yourself and the stress you are experiencing. Laughing at the humorous aspects of a stressful situation can help you to keep things in perspective and remind yourself that what you experience may not be the worst thing you can possibly face. If you are having trouble finding the humor in your situation, it could help to approach things from a different angle: instead of using humor to find perspective, put things in perspective to allow yourself to more easily see the humor. If you rate your stress on a scale from 1, which represents not at all stressful to 10, representing as stressful as this can be, you can often remind yourself that this isnt the most stress you have faced  and that things could be worse. This puts space between you and the situation, and that space can also add some much-needed levity to the situation, and make it easier for you to see the humor where possible. Look for the Absurdity What are the chances? What are the chances that this many things would go wrong, or that theyd go wrong in this exact way? Is there irony in your situation? Is this part of a series of unfortunate events? Is it just what youd expect if this were a slapstick comedy? Read Humorous Memoirs It can be a wonderful stress relief to read humorous books about other peoples lives, and this can provide great practice with self-acceptance as well. Really well-written books can frame an embarrassing mistake as a hilarious tale that can help us all feel better about our own mistakes. David Sedaris and Mindy Kaling both have excellent books that make this look easy. Imagine This as an Episode or a Chapter Some of the best comedies have some of the most outlandish problems as part of the plot, but great comedy can also result from mundane challenges. This is good news because, whatever you face (short of a tragedy), you can usually find some humor. It helps to watch funny movies and shows  or read funny books somewhat regularly. This helps you to keep a light-hearted frame of mind, but it also helps you to have a frame of reference for how people can face stressful situations with a smile and a laugh. Imagine yourself facing the stressful situations you face as if they were a plot line in one of your favorite shows  or a chapter in a beloved book. Imagining how the characters you love might respond to this situation, may help you to find a more lighthearted response as well, and can at least help to put a smile on your lips more easily. Swap Stories With Friends and Remember Them Talking to friends and finding social support when stressed is a tried-and-true coping strategy. If you find a friend who helps you to find the humor in stressful situations, or even just laugh at other things, hold onto them and value this quality! (Be sure to return the favor whenever possible, too; this can be good for both of you.) Not only can it help to be able to call someone, process your situation, and share a laugh, it can help you as you face your stressful situations to know that you have someone out there who will laugh with you later, and it can help you to remember all that youve shared laughs about in the past. Having even one such friend can help you to maintain your sense of humor much more easily. Practice Journaling If youve enjoyed reading other peoples memoirs or heard friends stories. this can help you to get more comfortable with your own. This opens up another tool at your disposal: journaling. Practice writing your stories in a humorous way. You may first write them as youve experienced them, but then shift into creative writing mode and mine your experiences for the humor and rewrite in the style of your favorite author. If nothing else, this can help you to reap the benefits of journaling. Journaling for Stress Management Shift Your Focus Sometimes you may have a hard time finding the humor in your situation, but you can laugh at other thingsâ€"this is great, too! Shift your focus to something else that might make you laugh or smileâ€"funny videos, articles about something you find noteworthy, anything that might lift your moodâ€"and come back to your challenge with a more relaxed attitude. With your stress response diminished, what seemed like a looming catastrophe may feel like a much smaller, less intimidating challenge, something thats much easier to laugh about. Focus on Stress Management When you have other coping strategies that work, you can more easily find the humor in stressful situations. Meditation, exercise, cognitive reframing, and other stress management techniques can help you to keep from getting to a point where things feel overwhelming and its difficult to laugh about it. Simple Options for Stress Management Make Humor a Regular Part of Your Life Prioritize maintaining a sense of humor when you are not facing stress, and youll find it much easier to revert to that frame of mind, even when you are feeling stressed and overwhelmed. Make it a priority to laugh when you can and add some fun to each day. Youll find that the stress melts away much more easily.

Using Laughter as a Coping Mechanism

Using Laughter as a Coping Mechanism Stress Management Management Techniques Print Laughter as a Coping Mechanism By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on May 31, 2019 LM Photo/ Getty Images More in Stress Management Management Techniques Physical Techniques Relaxation Time Management Effects on Health Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Many people find themselves feeling embarrassed when they look back on mistakes theyve made, even in childhood. Although social missteps and well-intentioned mistakes are common and virtually unavoidable over the course of ones lifetime, many of us beat ourselves up over the embarrassing things weve done in the past. This can be a significant source of stress, particularly for those who experience some level of anxiety, particularly social anxiety. Many people have found solace with the simple idea that, someday well look back on this and laugh.” When we become able to laugh about the embarrassing things weve done in the past, we take the shame out of the memory and replace it with camaraderie, or at least a good measure of humor. This can de-stress the experience and the memory of it. Finding a group of friends, or even just one good friend, who can share the burden of embarrassment by sharing a good laugh, can be transformative. Learning the skill of being able to look at memories this way can enable us to be more forgiving with ourselves and others. It can even enable us to react less with embarrassment and more with good humor to mistakes we make in the present, particularly if we imagine that the someday when well be laughing about this, can be today. Laughing at what stresses or embarrasses us is an inborn ability for some, but can be a learned skill for others. You can also enhance your ability to do this, so it becomes a habit that comes much more easily and automatically. If youd like to expand your ability to laugh at stressful situations, the following tips can help you to further develop this skill. Take a Step Back One of the main goals of finding the humor in a stressful situation is to use the humor to create distance between yourself and the stress you are experiencing. Laughing at the humorous aspects of a stressful situation can help you to keep things in perspective and remind yourself that what you experience may not be the worst thing you can possibly face. If you are having trouble finding the humor in your situation, it could help to approach things from a different angle: instead of using humor to find perspective, put things in perspective to allow yourself to more easily see the humor. If you rate your stress on a scale from 1, which represents not at all stressful to 10, representing as stressful as this can be, you can often remind yourself that this isnt the most stress you have faced  and that things could be worse. This puts space between you and the situation, and that space can also add some much-needed levity to the situation, and make it easier for you to see the humor where possible. Look for the Absurdity What are the chances? What are the chances that this many things would go wrong, or that theyd go wrong in this exact way? Is there irony in your situation? Is this part of a series of unfortunate events? Is it just what youd expect if this were a slapstick comedy? Read Humorous Memoirs It can be a wonderful stress relief to read humorous books about other peoples lives, and this can provide great practice with self-acceptance as well. Really well-written books can frame an embarrassing mistake as a hilarious tale that can help us all feel better about our own mistakes. David Sedaris and Mindy Kaling both have excellent books that make this look easy. Imagine This as an Episode or a Chapter Some of the best comedies have some of the most outlandish problems as part of the plot, but great comedy can also result from mundane challenges. This is good news because, whatever you face (short of a tragedy), you can usually find some humor. It helps to watch funny movies and shows  or read funny books somewhat regularly. This helps you to keep a light-hearted frame of mind, but it also helps you to have a frame of reference for how people can face stressful situations with a smile and a laugh. Imagine yourself facing the stressful situations you face as if they were a plot line in one of your favorite shows  or a chapter in a beloved book. Imagining how the characters you love might respond to this situation, may help you to find a more lighthearted response as well, and can at least help to put a smile on your lips more easily. Swap Stories With Friends and Remember Them Talking to friends and finding social support when stressed is a tried-and-true coping strategy. If you find a friend who helps you to find the humor in stressful situations, or even just laugh at other things, hold onto them and value this quality! (Be sure to return the favor whenever possible, too; this can be good for both of you.) Not only can it help to be able to call someone, process your situation, and share a laugh, it can help you as you face your stressful situations to know that you have someone out there who will laugh with you later, and it can help you to remember all that youve shared laughs about in the past. Having even one such friend can help you to maintain your sense of humor much more easily. Practice Journaling If youve enjoyed reading other peoples memoirs or heard friends stories. this can help you to get more comfortable with your own. This opens up another tool at your disposal: journaling. Practice writing your stories in a humorous way. You may first write them as youve experienced them, but then shift into creative writing mode and mine your experiences for the humor and rewrite in the style of your favorite author. If nothing else, this can help you to reap the benefits of journaling. Journaling for Stress Management Shift Your Focus Sometimes you may have a hard time finding the humor in your situation, but you can laugh at other thingsâ€"this is great, too! Shift your focus to something else that might make you laugh or smileâ€"funny videos, articles about something you find noteworthy, anything that might lift your moodâ€"and come back to your challenge with a more relaxed attitude. With your stress response diminished, what seemed like a looming catastrophe may feel like a much smaller, less intimidating challenge, something thats much easier to laugh about. Focus on Stress Management When you have other coping strategies that work, you can more easily find the humor in stressful situations. Meditation, exercise, cognitive reframing, and other stress management techniques can help you to keep from getting to a point where things feel overwhelming and its difficult to laugh about it. Simple Options for Stress Management Make Humor a Regular Part of Your Life Prioritize maintaining a sense of humor when you are not facing stress, and youll find it much easier to revert to that frame of mind, even when you are feeling stressed and overwhelmed. Make it a priority to laugh when you can and add some fun to each day. Youll find that the stress melts away much more easily.

Risk And Politics Of Disaster Coverage - 1263 Words

Analysis of â€Å"Risk and Politics of Disaster Coverage in Haiti and Katrina† Introduction and Purpose of the Study The article, â€Å"Risk and Politics of Disaster Coverage in Haiti and Katrina,† by Jennifer Petersen of the University of Virginia, which appeared in the journal Communication, Culture Critique in 2014, provides a comparison and contrast of the media coverage of Hurricane Katrina (2005), which devastated the U.S. Gulf Coast and was the costliest natural disaster in the nation’s history, and the Jan. 12, 2010 earthquake in Haiti, which devastated one of the poorest nations in the Western Hemisphere. The purpose of the article is to discuss the reasons why the news media framed Hurricane Katrina as an unmitigated and unimaginable catastrophe that violated expected norms, while the 2010 Haiti earthquake was framed as an almost routine and manageable crisis, despite the fact that the Haiti earthquake caused much more loss of life and human suffering than Katrina. This purpose is discussed in both the short, nine-line abstract, and the introduction. Literature Review and Research Questions Petersen cites more than 50 sources as references for her study. Many of these sources are the news programs on NBC and CNN, which she compared when reviewing the coverage of each disaster. However, the reference list also includes a fair number of other scholarly journal articles and publications by reputable academic publishers. The author provides theShow MoreRelatedThe Total Contribution Of Travel And Tourism Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resources and skills are also a challenge faced by Caribbean technology growth. â€Å"Efforts are being made by governments, private sector and non-governmental organizations to expand the coverage on ICT in the school curriculum. 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Researchers have found that the reason there main goal is politics wise is because they feel foreign governments won’t listen to their mission, goals, etc. As a result they intimidate those governments by violent acts. There are many different types of terrorist acts that can take place. The acts consist of bombingRead MoreA Comparison of Life in Four Contrasting Countries: The USA, the UK, China and Bangladesh1652 Words   |  7 Pagestemperate climate, and Bangladesh has a tropical climate, as it lies closer to the equator. Natural Disasters in 2013 Parts of the USA can experience: volcanoes; earthquake activity (around the Pacific Basin); hurricanes (along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts); tornadoes (in the Midwest and Southeast); mud slides; forest fires; and flooding. The UK very rarely experiences natural disasters, apart from occasional flooding, whilst Bangladesh commonly experiences more extreme flooding, and China

Discrimination Aspects Investigation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4459 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Level High school Did you like this example? Abstract: The current study aims at investigate the discrimination aspects and how it is affect in The work place, discrimination is a major problem, employees should be protected against it, and there is wide range of cases of discrimination around the world. The reason of writing this research is to aware the people about the discrimination and to show how its illegal to treat workers differently no matter what they should treated in the same way and fairly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discrimination Aspects Investigation" essay for you Create order Introduction: Research Importance: The importance of this subject is to explore the major effect of the discrimination on the females and elderly employees , in the work force women has 40% of the population in working environment and if those women were uncomfortable and decided to quit their jobs to avoid discomfort and the consequences of the gender discrimination that will affect the productivity in the work place which will lead to effect the economy too , the same case to the elderly employee by letting them go and cut them of early it will lead to job dissatisfaction and to lose their experience which is a huge asset to any company to learn from any previous experience. Research Question : The purpose of this literature is to explore the aspects of the discrimination in the work place? And in this literature we will explore these aspects and see the effect of each on the workers. This paper will focus on these cases and take brief information about the types of discrimination in the work place which is many. Elementary Definition : To proceed in this paper the first step is define the Work place discrimination: which is a behavior the influence decisions on employment matters and interfering with job performance or creating a hostile, intimating work environment. Discrimination occurs if there was a difference made based on one of the following grounds: race, color, gender, place of origin, religion, material status, physical disability, age. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood(universal declaration of Human Rights Article 1, 2). From this Quote it will lead to understand that everyone has the right to treated equally and fairly. So it is illegal to discriminate against employees in any aspect including: hiring lay off, recall, transfer, promotion, assignment, benefits, pay retirement plane, recruitment, harassment on any base. Research Problem And Gap : Through reviewing the literature review there was a significant lack concerning the articles, it didnt contain any cases happened in the Arab countries, there were no case of age and gender discrimination in the same article combining together and all the case was on public sector and finally most of gender discrimination cases focused on the women cases not the men. Research Structure : As for the organization of the paper the research will start with research question: What are the discrimination aspects in the work place in terms of gender and age? Exploring discrimination which include the types of discrimination which are: Age, Gender, This section followed by exploring the problems and the cases of the discrimination in the work environment and the last two sections are the methodology and the conclusion. Literature review: In order to know the aspects in this paper its important to know two things, first what the discrimination mean, Discrimination is: Unfair treatment because of race, sex (male, female), color (white, black), the person back ground, place of origin, ethnic origin, marital status (single, married), same sex partner status, sexual orientation, age, disability, citizenship, family status or religion. Second the work place, the workplace is any place where employees deal with other employees, volunteers and trustees and other users perform work or work-related duties or functions. Schools and school-related activities I.S 1 (The Toronto Catholic District HR , (2007), issued in May). The following literature review provides insights and key findings of available literature relating to work place and the two different types of discrimination, age discrimination, gender or sex discrimination. According to the EEOC (The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) , the total number of discrimination complaints filed recently have fallen back to26,300 in the year ended September 1996 from 31,700 in 1993, after increasing 13% between 2000and 2004 (Lee 2005: 4). Sexual harassment complaints alone soared to 10,532 filings in 1992, from 6,883 in 2000 (Roberts 2003: 4). Age discrimination law suits resulted in the high percentage during 1988, through2004. Sex discrimination start to get a high percentage of law suits resulted in the highest aggregate jury awards. Age discrimination: The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) equal opportunities were everyone is treated equally. Age discrimination is a factor of equal opportunities where older people are not allowed to work in certain jobs because they are too old. What is age discrimination in employment? Simply stated, it is the act of deliberately discriminating against a person based solely on his or her age. It includes refusing to hire or promote older workers, coursing them to retire, targeting them when layoffs occur, cutting back, or restricting their employee benefits. It also includes limiting their training opportunities, job responsibilities, and duties. This deliberate discrimination may be blatant or subtle, but in either case, it is against the law (Shen and Kleiner 2001: 25). The effect of the Age discrimination against older workers, it may result that some workers get an early retirement because of their age or to reserve that place to a younger workers so the main reason of The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) protects people age 40 and over from employment discrimination based on age because worker should be able to keep their job based on their ability, not their age The law says that an employer may not fire, refuse to hire, or treat you differently than other employees because of your age (Mong, Byron and Tester 2007: 317). According to the Wall St. Journal, in1999, there were age discrimination suit filed by seven former security guards against Coors. Because there were all over the age 40 and Coors laid them off and they replaced them with younger employees. The angry employees filed the suit only after learning that the average age of their replacement was 25. (Kapur and Kleiner; Coors 2000: 4). For example, in 1991 the central information department director in New York city, Joyce Stratton , the company had to let her go because of her age 61 she filed under age discrimination , she sued the company and won 1$ million dollar as pay pack and damage (Engle man and Kleiner 2005: 4) . In another case, Chicago Studies professor, sued the University of California for age bias. The well- known historian was 59 when he applied for a high faculty position at UC Santa Barbara, Which has the UC systems only fully operating Department of Chicano Studies. He sued the university system the following year, in 1991, claiming he was denied the job because of discrimination against his race, politics (Engle man and Kleiner 2005: 3). In the study, Fair Employment Council ( FEC) sent two resumes in job-related qualifications but different in the characteristic in this case, age, to 775 selected large firms and employment agencies. One resume was for a person 57 years of age and the other for a 32 year old Seventy-nine companies they responded that the position was available 32 companies were interested in the both applicant and 34 companies were interested in younger applicant and 13 companies preferred the older applicant . The net difference between the treatments of the two types of applicants was 26.6% (Shen and Kleiner 2001: 25). One of the reasons that could lead to age discrimination is stereotype it based on un faire treatment and un equal opportunity .A careful review of history shows us the many ways of older have been discriminated against their experience and simply because of their age for example: ageist stereotypes finds the more than 80 percent of Americans were discriminated and more than 60 years old employees have been insulted by jokes ,disrespect , and unfair treatment study revealed that the treatment to the older workers were the least valued by employers (Mong, Byron and Tester 2007: 314). The reason for this discrimination is the stereotype, the older workers are less responsive to the work place changes and they are inflexible and slow (e.g. crew 2004 shah and kleiner 2005 swift 2006). And for older worker they (managers) tend to give them a higher job commitment and lower rate than they do to the younger workers (Mueller, et. al, 2001, 315). Another study published by Harvard business review made by Rosen and Jerne .They want to evaluate the role of the management in the hiring process so they divided the applicant to two groups the first group evaluated by a young manger and the second by older manager and they asked the mangers to make judgment about the incident in which the worker was older and the younger, the manger decision was very different for older and the younger works for the same incident there decision was for the older workers, they were less motivated ,less creative , and less to capable to handle stressful situation in summary the older was less favored to continue in their career and to get promoted ( Dennis and Thomas 2007:86) . The second reason that may cause age discrimination is Lay off and cutting from their wages. Replacing older workers with younger is technique used by the managers to cost saving and decreasing wages and the payouts and the promotions, training opportunities can be held for younger workers who are viewed as more cheaper in the long term investment than the older (Mong, Byron and Tester 2007: 315).According to the economic policy institute workers over 40 years old they have much less chance to get promoted and trained comparing with the younger workers (sterns and McDaniel 2000:87). A recent survey done by experience worker serve as an endorsement of the importance of training and they want to motive the older people to enter the work field but more than half of the survey respondents that they believe the age discrimination still exists in the work place and one of the third of the majority thinks that that older people cannot learn a new skills (T+D of american socitey for traning and development issued march 2008 page 17) .Stereotypes have a huge impact on discrimination behaviors, it has been part of serial of social closure and dissatisfaction In another example: in 1994 Tim Jones, 75 years old he was one of the employees in IBM corporation Tim was one of 900 casualties and he was under the potential layoffs and the company give him a choice to accept payout offer or the lower paying job (Dennis and Thomas 2007:84) . Theres a positive and negative perceptions about older workers, the positive is that the older works are valued for their experience and their knowledge and their commitment and loyalty and the ability o are calm in crisis and respect the authority. And the negative is the older people are inflexible, UN willing to adapt with the new technology and having some physical limitation (Britton and TTiomas 2002; Haefiier 2003; Rosen and Jerdee2000:87). Gender or sex discrimination: Its unlawful for an employer to treat you differently from others based on your sex, because of your marital status. The discrimination can be direct or indirect, deliberate or accidental. One of the ways of direct discrimination is behaving differently or act funny toward you and that only If someone is deliberately treat you differently at work because of their sex, marital status or gender, it is consider as unlawful act , and the employer should stop the discrimination, (Marker 2005; Chien and Kleiner, 2000, 1) e.g. ( women and men at the same the job but men gets more money or payment and the same as promoting someone because they are single instead of an equally qualified person, or sacking a woman because she says she is pregnant or might start a family). Indirect discrimination putting you at a disadvantage because of certain working practices or rules e.g. (setting a minimum height, which might discriminate against most women or an employers refusal to recruit part-time workers without good reason), (Phan and Kleiner 2005:41). One of the causes of direct discrimination is disparate impact, a careful review of history shows us the many ways women have been discriminated against and often overlooked simply because of their gender. Such examples include: Aristotles (384 – 22 B.C.) belief that women were unintelligent. Based on study made by Adam wine .The statistical evidence shows that theres a gap is caused by the gender discrimination the statistics show that the gap between the age and the wage ratio is higher than the income ratio for many reasons one of them is women work fewer hours than men and the gap between the singles are smaller than between the married , the gaps increase based on the experience and thats because women have less experience and women tend to leave their work because the lack of achievement and pay raise. And heres the statistics Men dominate 310 occupational fields, while the women dominate 50 fields; women earn about $4000 per year less than men even if the men and women are employed in the same occupation. Published by (public personnel management data on September 22 2005, 6). Based on another study made by Chien and Kleiner showed that 1000 largest companies in U.S among the 4000 people shown as the highest paid officer or director only 19 were women and that because women viewed as less suitable for upper management roles and when women take executive positions the chance of failure is high and predictable, and those expectation of failure effect how women evaluated. (Chien and Kleiner 2000: 3). Another way for direct discrimination is UN equal pay act, Studies have found that women are unfairly treated and face barriers regarding progress and promotion, even in fields in which they have reached a good accomplishment .For example based on study done by Ash, Carr Large cooperation firms in U.S women get less paid than men for similar work. Such discrimination is not unique to the world of high finance; things seem to be much worse in medicine. In June 2004, the U.S. Census Bureau released an analysis of the earnings of full-time workers that reported that female physicians wages averaged 63 cents for every dollar earned by their male colleagues. (Annals internal medicine, issued 3rd of august, 2004, 239). The Census Bureau report was limited in that it did not examine factors, such as specialty, practice setting, seniority, and performance Ash, Carr, and colleagues analyzed data from a national survey of academic physicians and reported that women earned less than their male colleagues, even after accounting for specialty, hours worked, and many other measures of productivity and achievement. In addition, they found that women were less likely than men to reach the highest academic ranks. On other hand men do not face that problem and there is a salary gap between men and women for example women still have a lower compensation than men at the same academic rank. Another example (china youth daily news paper) they mentioned that many positions reserved for males only and for female they have to accept unfair terms and not being Able to have a children for many years and the reason that the women are left behind is because their special physical and physiological features. (Beijing 2008: 4). This case one of the EEOC.v cases about UN equal pay act happened in a bank the bank was paying different salary to male and female workers in three different jobs First: man teller was paid more than any female teller even though the female was more experienced, second: male operator was paid more than any women who performed the same job, third: the male installment loan officer was hired of salary higher than any female .The bank argued in the first job that he was a management trainee but they found there was no real training program, in the second job the bank claimed that the female was slower in the typing and less accurate than the male but they proof that she was faster and more accurate than the male, in the third job the claimed that the raise Was given to the women after the EEOC investigation began but the court didnt believe it. (Bhasker and Kleiner 2002: 75). This presented case shows that the un equal pay act can lead to a un friendly environment this case is about women was hired by Pizza Hut as a unit manager; she started out in a management Training program with a male trainee who was hired at the same time. Both were paid equally for the duration of the program but when it ended, the male manager received a much higher raise than female. The next round of raises did not even things out; the male manager still made more, despite the fact that the female was running one of the most profitable Pizza Huts. She filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC. When the EEOC could not re solve the problem, she sued the company (Bhasker and Kleiner 2002: 74). Harassment is the most common way that could be use as a gender or sex discrimination and the definition of sexual harassment according to the U.S (EEOC): behaving in an offensive manner, or encouraging or allowing other people to do so and that could be either physically or verbally and it will lead to influencing the individual work place environment (for example, making sexual remarks or gestures, allowing displays or Distribution of sexually explicit material, or giving someone a potentially offensive nickname because of their gender). (Grochin and Kleiner 2005 :17). The most sexual harassment cases in the U.S are against black women based on study done by (information times issued October 2007). they discovered the only 2.8 percent of female university graduate dont face a gender discrimination in the labor market while 52.8 percent said the gender discrimination is a huge a problem and they face it every day for example many posts at job fairs are not open to female applicant (Beaton et al, platania 2003:291). This appears to be the case in Australia, konrad and Hartmann (2001) examined survey indicate that women are more likely to believe that they were discriminated in the academic hiring and promotions more that men and that one of the reasons to make the women in such low place by made them to believe . Sexual harassment is a serious concern for women in the work field during a 2003 survey, respondents reported: Apart from gender discrimination a lot of women have to combat sexual and racial discrimination constantly to survive in college and work places. In order to overcome discrimination, many women scientists report having to work harder and be more successful than men in order to succeed; professors report training their female students to think in these terms as well (Etzkowitz and Kemelgor 2004 : 87). Sexual harassment is a serious concern for women in the sciences. During a 2003 survey, respondents reported46% were sexually harassed; 55% handled this harassment themselves; 40% told their harasser to stop; 7% were forced to quit working; 3% transferred within the company; 2% filed legal action; 18% experienced a combination of all the situations (Boiarsky et. al 2003: 213). Sexual harassment can lead to Hostile environment and that Occurs when an employee is unwelcome sexual conductor materials when the conductor materials are sufficiently strict and firm as to create a hostile, intimidating, or offensive work environment(Grochin and Kleiner 2005:19). This case present how the women are suffering from disparate treatment and from the Stereotyping, Women struggle with the stereotype that having a family translates into a lack of commitment to career and job, Motherhood presents a set of expectations; there is a need to balance family and life many women accept part-time work while others prefer flexible scheduling as a condition of full time employment (Beasley, Lomo and Seubert 2001: 76). Often, balancing between work and family results that woman will take breaks from their employment track which leads to less opportunity. Another stereotype based on case issued in Canada, gender discrimination against male doctors and trainees, men with deep religions of certain communities force their wives to be examined by a female obstetrician-gynecologist and refused to be exposed to men this issue concern to medical resident who may not get their medical experience they because of patient demand (Canadian Medical Association 2008: 179). Methodology : Research Statement: What are the discrimination aspects in the work place in terms of gender and age? Meaning to explore each aspect and its effect on the employees in Egypt and how to react in different situation Research Tool : The type of this methodology is quantitative and the reason of choosing quantitative is because it refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, meaning the problem already exist and in order to contain it the perfect kind is quantitative, the tool to answer the research question is questionnaire. And the shape of the questionnaire was based on the article review and the internet (and its attached in the appendix ). The place will be in Cairo and to evaluate the rate or the level of the discrimination against the women and elderly employees. The reason that we choose Cairo is because theres a significant increase in the number of discrimination cases in Cairo for example between 2000 and 2008 the number of discrimination cases increased by 27% Research design: the sample is non probability, convince sample because it will allow choosing the individuals that are easiest to reach or sampling that is done easy. And Convenience sampling does not represent the entire population so it is considered bias, therefore the sample is will be relative weight 80 females and 60 males, from different courses in private university in Cairo, aged 18 to 25 years undergraduate and graduate students, fresh graduate TAS. participants volunteered to participate in the questionnaire and did not receive any reward for their participation, the reason selecting under graduate student is because most the student work a part time to finish their internship and to get the experience so their opinions will be supported and they face a lot of challenge in the school and in their work so their opinions will be accredited. Furthermore there were noticeable result that most the people that been asking about the discrimination in their work place they refused and some hesitated to give the frank answer worrying about their boss reaction or their co-workers too , in addition student were more willing to give their frank answers and their opinion without any worries. Procedure: first the mailing list which will be available from HR department of the private college , after that will address the questionnaire to fresh graduate TAs and fourth year student from different faculties, we will wait one week to collect the responds from the mails and if that was not enough there will be a another round of mails and we will wait for the respond and if that was not efficient we will need to distribute the questionnaire in class and wait for the data collection the total time that it took to design the survey is one week and for distribute the survey among the student in (GUC) is one week , to analyze the result it took two weeks to analysis the survey and three weeks to get the result. Analysis: SPSS ( statistical package of social since ) program will be used in this study to order to know the appropriate way to analysis the result of the questionnaire and theres two ways to approach that, the first is descriptive statistics and the second is frequency and percentage. The student litter :T-test will be used to answer the research question through SPSS descriptive statistic will be conduct including the major of frequency and probability the major of center tendency contain : mean , mode , median, variance, slandered deviation . Conclusion: The main purpose of the present research was to analysis and to explore the types of the discrimination and to show the effect of each one on the people life First the Age discrimination, the effect of the Age discrimination against older workers, it could result that some workers get an early retirement because of their age or to reserve that place to a younger workers. And the gender or sex discrimination could affect the employees in many different way especially the harassments because is the most common way that could be use as a gender or sex discrimination and its very offensive manner, it could lead to encourage or allow other people to do so and that could be physically or verbally and it influence the individual work place. And to sum up the whole research by seeing the effect of each type and how people react to each type. Everyone should have the right to treated right and fairly and with respect regardless the age or the gender or the home town we all human and we all seeking for success and we should achieve it in healthy environment and in fair opportunities and because of these discrimination the government should concentrate on the consequences and put a strict punishment for any one not obey these rules. References: Barry m. Goldman. (2001). Toward an understanding of employment discrimination claiming: an integration of organizational justice and social information processing theories, vol .54, no 5, pp. 361-386. Bernstein, a. (2004, June 14). Womens pay: Why the gap remains a chasm. Business Week, (3887), 58-59. Retrieved December 15, 2007, from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier. https://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=truedb=aphAN=13374148site=eh ost-live Canadian Medical Association or its licensors (CMAJ) (2008). Gender discrimination: vol.179, No (6), 521-522. Chine .E, Kleiner.H. (1999). SEX DIS CRIMI NA TION IN HIR ING: Equal Opportunities International, vol. 5, No (6), 32-36 CYNTHIA J.;. ZUKEWICH,N, (2003). The Gender of Precarious Employment in Canada, vol.58, No (3), 454-482. Dennis.N, Thomas.K (2007). Ageism in the Workplace, vol.21, No (9), 84-89. Exten,J. (2005),Sexual advances . Cabinet Maker, 25- November. Eddy S. Willi H.. (2007). Are Men Always Picked Over Women? The Effects of Employment Equity, vol.76,177–187. Erbschloe,M . (2008), Gender Management. Association. Retrieved on 18-January 2008 from EBSCO Online Database Academic Search Premier Gene .G, Kleiner .H. (2001). Age Discrimination in Hiring: Equal Opportunities International, vol. 20, No (8), 25-32. HAKIM ,C, (2006). Women, careers, and work-life preferences, vol.34, No (3),280–291. Julius, E.; Chamovitz Y, (2003). Equally unequal: Gender discrimination in the workplace among adults with mental retardation, vol.20, No (3), 205–213. Kapur .A, Kleiner .H. (2000). DISCRIMINATION INTHEWORKPLACE OFTHEBEERINDUSTRY, vol. 19, No (6), 371-380. Robert J. B, Feather (2007). GENDER, DISCRIMINATION BELIEFS, GROUP-BASED GUILT, AND RESPONSES TO AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR AUSTRALIAN WOMEN. Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol.31 No (4), 290-304 RÉAUME ,D, (2005). Comparing Theories of Sex Discrimination: The Role of Comparison, vol.25, No (3), 547–564. Theobald,S. (2006), Taking the pulse of discrimination. Associations Now, May. The Toronto Catholic District HR , Retrieved on 2-May 2007 from https://www.tcdsb.org/trustees/Agendas/HR,%202007-05-02/HR,%202007-05-02.html Vincent, J.; Tester.G, (2007). Age Discrimination, Social Closure and Employment, vol.86, No (1), 314-332. Roscigno.V ; Tester,G , (2007). Age Discrimination, Social Closure and Employment, vol.86, No (1), 314-333. LI LI. (2007),Gender discrimination in the labor market. BEUING REVIKW, 22- November.

Haagen Dazs Marketing Plan - 1213 Words

The marketing environment focus analysis external environment to effect our industry market and how to effect our customer relationship to make it successful The marketing environments can analysis both of micro-environment and macro-environment. The micro-environment can analysis our company how to serve our customer â€Å"which is included the company, supplier, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, competitor and public†.(Philip 2010). The macro-environment is analysis outside company to effect micro-environment â€Å"which is included demographic, economic, natural, technology, political and cultural† (Philip 2010).. First of all, I would like to one by one to apply Haagen-Dazs. Micro-environment [pic] Sources: The company†¦show more content†¦Haagen-Dazs is need to maintain the customer rate. Macro-environment [pic] Sources: Demography The term of population in term of the gender, to follow market research said that 60% customer is girl to buy our Haagen-Dazs ice-cream. 40 % customer is boy to buy our Haagen-Dazs ice-cream. This figure is source from Haagen-Dazs day to day statically. The term of age target, Haagen-Dazs set target around Generation Z and Generation X to sell Haagen-Dazs ice-cream, from the market research figure said that around 30 % source from generation X to buy Haagen-Dazs ice-cream, 25% sources from generation Y and 45% sources from generation Z to buy. Haagen-Dazs ice-cream The term of Occupation, To follow marketing research said that 30% sources from primary school, 30% sources from second school, 40% sources from audit to buy Haagen-Dazs ice-cream. This figure can observe from Haagen-Dazs marketing Report. 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Provide Insights On Efficient Weightlifting -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Provide Insights On Efficient Weightlifting? Answer: Introduction The collection of information and analyzing them is included in this section of the paper. The information and data from sources are arranged in a logical and sequential manner. The utilization of hypothetical techniques and numerical values will be the sole intent of this section in the paper. This paper has utilized the positivism philosophy due to the fact that the utilization of scientific approaches for collecting and analyzing data will be adopted in the analysis used for this research. In this paper, the deductive approach is utilized for analyzing the relevant sources. Acceleration responses for weightlifting With reference to equation 1, accelX is considered to be the value from the ADC converter. Here, Vref is considered to be the reference voltage which will be used to scale the readings. Similarly, accelXzerovoltage is termed as the nominal voltage when stationary position is implied. Lastly, accelSensitivity is termed as the voltage response for every unit per g-force. In a similar management, the other axes parameters are evaluated using these formulas. Signal processing For the use of this device, the adoption of Nave Bayes Classifier and Hidden Markov Model has been emphasized. The first requirement for any real time analysis involves filtering out the noise from the sensor data. For this reason, this paper will utilize the adoption of MATLAB which will help in filtering out the noise from a 3-axis accelerometer. The next step will involve the detection of the sensor signal. This must be done for checking the threshold level of the device so that an effective data collection is implied. This will also be done by utilizing the MATLAB software. Any kind of raw or filtered signal from the sensor can be used. Lastly, the utilization of a 3D camera will be adopted which will help in collection of the signals in the 3-axes accelerometer. Data collection techniques Data collection is the process which involves the collection of data from various sources. The data and information is then collected from various sources. There are two different types of data collection techniques, the primary and secondary data collection. In case of the primary methods, the information is collected from surveys and interviews while in case of secondary data collection, the information is collected from online sources like journals, books and websites. For this research paper, the researcher has utilized the primary data collection method. Sampling technique The number of devices used and the instrument involved in collecting the data is discussed in this section of the paper. For this paper, the researcher has utilized the primary data collection methods. This paper will analyze the signals from the device which will be considered as the main instrument for this paper. For this paper, the three axis accelerometer will be used for analyzing the different types of data. Data analysis technique The analysis of the collected data is involved in this section. The data that is collected is then analyzed and presented in the research paper. The utilization of data analysis methods is done for this case and for providing a successful estimation of the data involved. There are two different types of data analysis methods, the quantitative and the qualitative method of data analysis. In the qualitative method of data analysis, the observations and analysis from interviews are involved whereas in case of the quantitative method of data analysis, the utilization of surveys are involved. Gantt chart 1st-2nd week 3rd-4th week 5th-6th week 7th-8th week 8th-9th week 10th-11th week 12th-13th week Selecting the topic for research Getting the required approval for topic Performing secondary data collection initially Final draft training for the research proposal Submitting the research proposal Studying in-depth of the secondary data Preparing the associated literature review Identification of the participants for conducting primary research Conducting interview of the participants Arrangement of ideas in data collection Data analysis and evaluation Interpreting and discussing about the data Developing the conclusion Final revision of the paper Submitting the research paper Figure 5: Gantt chart (Sources: Created by the author) References Attal, F., Mohammed, S., Dedabrishvili, M., Chamroukhi, F., Oukhellou, L., Amirat, Y. (2015). Physical human activity recognition using wearable sensors.Sensors,15(12), 31314-31338. Chang, K. H., Chen, M. Y., Canny, J. (2014, September). Tracking free-weight exercises. InInternational Conference on Ubiquitous Computing(pp. 19-37). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Chen, C., Jafari, R., Kehtarnavaz, N. (2015). Improving human action recognition using fusion of depth camera and inertial sensors.IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems,45(1), 51-61. Ha, S., Choi, S. (2016, July). Convolutional neural networks for human activity recognition using multiple accelerometer and gyroscope sensors. InNeural Networks (IJCNN), 2016 International Joint Conference on(pp. 381-388). IEEE. Kalgan, A., Bahl, R., Kumar, A. (2015, February). Source ranging and direction of arrival estimation using accelerometer based implementation of prototype acoustic vector sensor. InUnderwater Technology (UT), 2015 IEEE(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Knobe, J. and Nichols, S. eds., (2013).Experimental psychology (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press. Krger, B., Vgele, A., Willig, T., Yao, A., Klein, R., Weber, A. (2017). Efficient unsupervised temporal segmentation of motion data.IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,19(4), 797-812. Liu, H., Ju, Z., Ji, X., Chan, C. S., Khoury, M. (2017). Human hand motion analysis with multisensory information. InHuman Motion Sensing and Recognition(pp. 171-191). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Lorenzi, P., Rao, R., Romano, G., Kita, A., Irrera, F. (2016). Mobile devices for the real-time detection of specific human motion disorders.IEEE Sensors Journal,16(23), 8220-8227. Ong, Z. C., Seet, Y. C., Khoo, S. Y., Noroozi, S. (2018). Development of an economic wireless human motion analysis device for quantitative assessment of human body joint.Measurement,115, 306-315. Rawat, N. (2016). Efficient Gesture Recognition based on Human Motion Detection.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,2(9). Sarkar, M., Haider, M. Z., Chowdhury, D., Rabbi, G. (2016, May). An Android based human computer interactive system with motion recognition and voice command activation. InInformatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV), 2016 5th International Conference on(pp. 170-175). IEEE. Shoaib, M., Bosch, S., Incel, O. D., Scholten, H., Havinga, P. J. (2016). Complex human activity recognition using smartphone and wrist-worn motion sensors.Sensors,16(4), 426. Silverman, D. ed., (2016).Qualitative research. London: Sage. Struber, L., Courvoisier, A., Cinquin, P., Nougier, V. (2015, June). Development of a method and software for human motion training based on an inertial measurement units system. InVirtual Rehabilitation Proceedings (ICVR), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 251-257). IEEE.

Leading Healthy Lifestyle free essay sample

Once you’ve reached a state of balance, you will feel much better physically, and even mentally. Last but not the least,your religion, relationships and morals all have an effect on your spiritual healthy lifestyle. What you practice for religion has an effect on how you live.

Alice in Wonderland Quotes Make You Ponder About Life

'Alice in Wonderland' Quotes Make You Ponder About Life Alice in Wonderland is not just any ordinary child fiction. This classic story is full of philosophy and truisms. The absurdity of the plot is enthralling, but the underlying message leaves a lasting impression. These famous Alice in Wonderland quotes throw light on important issues in a subtle way.At first, Alice in Wonderland quotes sounds quite mundane. However, if you search carefully for inner meaning, you will find these quotes rich in truisms and lifes great philosophies. These 7 Alice in Wonderland quotes explained help you get into the skin of the character with these quotes. 1. AliceThis line is the opening text of the story. Right off the bat, Lewis Carroll introduces Alice to his audience as a girl who had a highly imaginative mind, and a love for creativity. The reference of a book without pictures and conversations points to a little girl with a head full of ideas, and a heart for adventure. 2. RabbitLewis Carroll could have used an ordinary expression such as Oh! My goodness or Oh dear! However, by using an uncommon phrase such as Oh my ears and whiskers! Lewis Carroll coined a new phrase that caught the imagination of young and old alike. Also, he sets the tone for the rest of the story, where the White Rabbit, which to Alices astonishment is one of the first animal characters she encounters that can speak. The speaking White Rabbit piques the curiosity of young readers who are now hooked on to the story.   3. AliceThis phrase is as legendary as the novel itself. The fact that Lewis Carroll uses an ungrammatical expression (the comparative degree of curious should have been more curious) to facilitate his story creates a grand introduction to the plot. The term curiouser and curiouser has now become popular in the English lexicon, alluding to a world of untold imagination, where normal rules dont apply.   4. AliceLewis Carroll had an uncanny way of bringing in deep questions in the middle of seemingly innocuous situations. Alice, who goes down a rabbit hole, gets acquainted with a strange world that lay buried beneath the ground. She finds everything about this world so bizarre, that she wonders whether she is dreaming. While pondering about the illogical turn of events, Alice also wonders about who she is and what is the purpose of her life. This contextually relevant, thought-provoking question urges the reader to also question his existence and how he relates to the world he lives in. 5. AliceIn the story, Alice faces a conundrum that makes her question her own sanity and wellbeing. She is so confused and befuddled, that she no longer trusts her own judgment and is unable to even talk about herself. 6. AliceAlice encounters a strange situation where the Duchess is nursing a baby which, for some reason resembles a pig. As the story unfolds, it turns out that the baby is actually a pig and it trots off quietly from the scene. Though on the face of it, this episode seems highly bizarre, Lewis Carroll points to deeply rigid social structures and the formalities that are accepted as good social behavior. The baby and pig metaphor points to our rigid views on what we find disgusting and cute. 7. The CatThe Cheshire Cat sums it all. This is a statement that helps the reader to connect with Alices feelings as she meets the strange characters in the rabbit hole. Here are 13 famous and bizarre quotes that make Alice in Wonderland a wonderful read. As you read these quotes, ponder on them with a philosophical point of view and find yourself staring at lifes greatest mysteries. 8. The Queenï » ¿15. The King18. Alice19. The Queen

Eyewitness Evidence as a Cause of Miscarriages of Justice in the UK Literature review

Eyewitness Evidence as a Cause of Miscarriages of Justice in the UK - Literature review Example Others reasons include, plea bargain which offer incentives for the innocent to plead guilty, prejudice towards the social class of people to which the defendant belongs , confirmation of bias by the investigators, over estimated evidential value of expert testimony and conspiracy between prosecutors and court of appeal judges to uphold conviction of an innocent person. (C. Ronald Huff, 2008, p. 80). There have been several cases of wrongful convictions because of untrue or distorted eyewitness evidence in the United Kingdom. This may include misidentification of the perpetrator by the witness or victims. This can have very serious implications to the person wrongfully convicted as sometimes the discovery of a wrongful conviction occurs after the innocent person has died in jail or executed. The wrongly convicted person and there family suffer real and irreversible effects. Because of the many cases of miscarriages of justice, there have been arguments against the death penalty that sees the wrongly convicted person executed promptly after conviction. An innocent person wrongfully convicted in the United Kingdom and jailed may be paid compensation for the time he or she was incarcerated, although, there is a statue that limits the most amount to be paid to five hundred thousand dollars. (Butterworths of New Zealand Ltd, 1991, p. 57). Cases in the United Kingdom such as the Greenberry Hill case where Green Robert, Henry Berry and Lawrence Hill were hanged in 1679 on false evidence for the unsolved murder of Edmund Godfrey. Sion Jenkins was acquitted in 2006 after a retrial because of inaccurate evidence in the case of the murder of Billie-Jo Jenkins. He had been convicted in 1998. (Knoops, 2006, p. 73). Before the year 2005 in the United Kingdom, the parole system assumed that all the convicted persons were guilty. For the convicted person to be paroled one had to sign a document in which the convicted person confessed to the crime for which they were convicted. There were cases of a prolonged stay in jail for the people who refused to sign this declaration. An example of a case of the people who were denied parole because of not signing the document of confessing to the crimes convicted for is the Birmingham six. The system has since changed since 2005 and the convicted persons who never admit guilt are being given parole (Webber, 2009, p. 143). There is no official law in the United Kingdom that provides a means of correcting a conviction based on insufficient evidence. In the 1990s, several high profile cases turned out to be miscarriages of justice because of distorted or fabricated eyewitness testimonies and evidence by the police. This was also done for the police to get a high conviction rate. In 1989, the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad was disbanded because of being involved in the practices that resulted to miscarriages of justice. Due to the many miscarriages of justice, several Innocence Projects have been established as well as the Criminal Cases Review Commission that was established in 1997 to look at the possible cases of miscarriages of justice in the United Kingdom. The Criminal Cases Review Commission is an independent body that is mandated to investigate suspected miscarriages of justice in the United Kingdom. It is estimated that the commission refers thirty cases every year to the appellate courts and seventy-five percent of these cases succeed. (Austin Sarat, 1998,p. 107 ). The use of eyewitness

Marketing planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing planning - Assignment Example The company is planning to expand its base. For this company will has started analyzing the market and choosing one product which the company will be promoting in the initial phase of the expansion. Task 1 The current business environment is constantly changing. The market is facing volatile changes which are affecting the overall planning of the companies as well. Thus, it is very important for any organization or organizes a proper and strategic marketing planning in order to survive and sustain in this volatile environment. A proper marketing planning is always helpful in properly organization activities and strategies used for future action. Marketing planning can be described as analyzing potential market places and marketing activities with the aim of determining how a business can optimize these potential markets. Planning process has changed over the years. For example, the planning process was much less competitive during the last century. The current market is ever changing and flooded with a large number of new products and services on a daily basis. Today’s consumers have much more options in terms of choosing between similar products and categories, compared to 10-15 years ago. This has also decreased the brand loyalty among consumers. To remain competitive in the current market, the food chain has to constantly update its marketing planning according to changing internal as well as external environment. In order to cope with the volatile environment, it is very important for the organization to have sustainable resources. Below is the resource based view of the organization. Tangible Resources Infrastructure, warehouse property and design of the chain of restaurants constitute the physical resources of the brand. Apart from these, the organization also has products such as brewing machines, facilities such as transportation and logistics. Though the organization does not boast a high financial resource, the company is fast growing and more and more investors are turning their head towards this newly popular organization. The organization can utilize this opportunity by collaborating with other investors as well as companies and grow its base in local as well as international locations. Intangible Resources The organization has created a powerful brand image and come a long way from the time it was established. Because of the increase brand image as well as overall brand equity, the organization has successfully created a niche in the fast food market. As a result, the market base of Eat Limited is continuously increasing. Apart from this, the organization has maintained a cordial relationship with its shareholders and other investors. This is helped in building overall trust among the investors and shareholders. Product diversification, service quality and availability of the brand in the major locations have made Eat Limited a local leader in affordable and quality fast food service provider. Research, development, m arketing capability and creativity in new generating new products has provided a differentiated advantage for the brand. Apart from this, efficient and well trained human resource is strength for the organization. Capabilities Determining the capabilities and key resources of an organization is the fundamental starting point of any business strategy. The utilization of a company’s capabilities and resources with the aim of gaining competitive advantage defines the objective of resource management. According to

Effectiveness of Support for Children in Homeless Families

Effectiveness of Support for Children in Homeless Families The whole issue of parents and children in need is a vast, complex and ethically challenging one. This review is specifically charged with an examination of those issues which impinge upon the stresses and strains that are experienced by parents of children in need. A superficial examination of these issues that are involved in this particular area would suggest that there are a number of â€Å"sub-texts â€Å"which can all give rise to this particular situation. Firstly, to have child in need is clearly a stressful situation for any parent.(Meltzer H et al. 1999) This can clearly be purely a financial concern and a reflection of the fact that the whole family is in financial hardship, perhaps due to the economic situation or perhaps due to the actions of the parents themselves. Equally the need of the child can be a result of anon-financial need, so we should also consider the child who is in some way handicapped, ill, emotionally disturbed or perhaps in need in some other way. This produces another type of stress on the parent, and these stresses are typically longer lasting and, in general, less easily rectified than a purely financial consideration of need. (Hall D1996). It is part of the basic ethos of the welfare state that it should look after its less able and disadvantaged members. (Welsh Office 1997).Parents of children in need will often qualify in this definition. We shall therefore examine the various aspects of this problem. Literature Review Effectiveness of family support for children in homeless families We will make a start by considering one type of child in need. The first paper that we will consider is that of Prof. Vostanis (Vostanis2002), which looks at the mental health problems that are faced by deprived children and their families together with the effectiveness of the resources that are available to them. It is a well written and well researched paper, if rather complex and confusing in places. We will consider this paper in some detail as it provides an excellent overview of the whole area. The paper starts with a rather useful definition for our purposes. It qualifies the deprived child, initially in terms of a homeless family, that being : A family of any number of adults with dependent children who are statutorily accepted by local authorities (housing departments) in teak, and are usually accommodated for a brief period in voluntary agency, local authority or housing association hostels. This period of temporary accommodation can vary enormously depending on the time of year and the area considered, and can range from a few days to perhaps several months. The target in Greater London is currently storehouse homeless families within 4-6 weeks. In London particularly, the homeless families can be placed in Bed Breakfast accommodation.(D of H 1998) In this respect, the immediate family support mechanisms do appear tube in place. Vostranis however, goes on to make the observation that despite the fact that the definition of the homeless family is rather broad, it does not cover all of the potential children in need, as those children and their carers who have lost their homes but have managed to live with relatives, on the streets or perhaps live as travellers, are not covered by the statutory obligation to provide housing. The official figures therefore, he observes, are generally an underestimate of the true situation. The official figures for the homeless families are put (in this paper) at 140,000. (Vostanis Cumella, 1999) The authors give us further information in that many families will become homeless again within one year of rehousing and the typical family seen is the single mother and at least two children who are generally under the age of 11 yrs. They also observe that the typical father and adolescent child tend to be placed in homeless centres. (Doff H 1995) In exploration of the particular topic that we are considering, the authors give us the situations that typically have given rise to the degree of parental stress that may have led to the homelessness. They point to the fact that a homeless family is usually homeless for different reasons to the single homeless adult. Vostanis (et al 1997)is quoted as showing that 50% of the cases studied were homeless as direct result of domestic violence and 25% as a result of harassment from neighbours. The authors observe that the numbers in this category(and therefore the problems), are rising. (Welsh Office 1999). There are a number of section to this paper which are not directly referable to our considerations. We shall therefore direct our attention purely to those parts that have a direct bearing on the subject. One particularly useful and analytical part of the paper is the section that details the characteristics and needs of the target group. This is a very detailed section, but it makes the point that the children in need in this group are particularly heterogeneous, generally all with multiple and inter-related needs. Homelessness is seldom a one off event. This particular observation, (say the authors),is crucially important for the development and provision of services. Most families have histories of previous chronic adversities that constitute risk factors for both children and parents (Bassuk et al,1997). Such events include family conflict, violence and breakdown; limited or absent networks for family and social support; recurring moves; poverty; and unemployment. Mothers are more likely to have suffered abuse in their own childhood and adult life and children have increased rates of placement on the at-risk child protection register, because of neglect, physical and/or sexual abuse. If we specifically consider the health needs of this population, the authors categorise them thus: The children are more likely to have a history of low birthweight, anaemia, dental decay and delayed immunisations, to be of lower stature and have a greater degree of nutritional stress. They are also more likely to suffer accidents, injuries and burns. (BPA 1999) Some studies have found that child health problems increase with the duration of homelessness, although this finding is not consistent. Substantial proportion of homeless children have delayed development compared with the general population of children of a similar chronological age. This includes both specific developmental delays, such as in receptive and expressive language and visual, motor and reading skills, as well as general skills and educational status (Webbet al. 2001). It is for this reason specifically, that it has proved extremely difficult to assess the effectiveness of the family support services because of the multivariate nature of the problems that are presented. The authors point to the fact that one of the prime determinants of the degree of support available, is the actual access that the families have to these services. Many sources (viz. Wilkinson R 1996), equate the poor health of the disadvantaged primarily with the lack of access to services. One immediate difficulty is the current registration system in the UK. In order to be seen in the primary healthcare team setting, one must be registered with a named doctor. In the majority of cases that we are dealing with here, they have moved area and registration is probably not high on their list of priorities. One can argue that there is the access to the A E departments of the local hospitals but there is virtually no continuity here and they arena geared up to provide anything other than immediate treatment. (HallD 1996). This fact restricts their access to primary healthcare team procedures such as immunisations and other preventative medicine health clinics.(Lissauer et al, 1993) . By the same token these groups also have restricted access to the social services, whether they be the access teams, the family teams or the family support units and other agencies. The authors also point to other more disruptive trends in this group such as an inability to attend a particular school for fear of being tracked by an abusive partner. It follows that these children do not have a stable social support of a school. They are denied such factors as peer groups, routines and challenges which are both important protective and developmental factors. (Shankleman J et al2000). The summation of all of these factors, and others, is that the effectiveness of the family support services is greatly reduced by the mobility and the transient nature of the family unit. Quite apart from the difficulties outlined above relating to the problems of access to avenues of help open to the child in need and their families there are the problems engendered by the fact that social service departments indifferent areas of the country may not have immediate access to the previous records giving rise to many potential, and real, problems with continuity of care. This problem is brought into more immediate focus when one considers the increased frequency of child protection registrations in this particular group. (Hall D et al 1998). One specific analysis of the family support services of this particular group comes in the form of the psychiatric services. In the context of the title of this piece, it demonstrates how these particular services,(but not these alone), are failing to deal with the totality of the problem. All of the aspects that we have outlined so far are conspiring to dilute the effectiveness of the services provided. The fact that they are a mobile population with no fixed address means that some of the services may choose to invoke this as a reason for not making provision for them, particularly if resources are stretched. If more resources are given, then they are typically preferentially targeted at the single adult homeless population where the need is arguably greater. The authors of this paper point to the fact that this may not actually be true as some studies have shown that homeless single mothers and their children have a 49% psychopathy rate and only an 11% contact with the support services. (Cumella et al, 1998). The impact of this fact on the children can only be imagined. To an extent however, it can be quantified as the authors cite other studies which show a 30% need rating for children, (they do not actually define exactly what their perceived level of need was), contrasted with a 3% contact rate for children and adolescents in this area. (viz. Power S et al. 1995). Suggestions for improvement Putting these considerations together, the authors outline a set of proposals which are designed to help improve the access to some of the essential services. The model that they propose could, if successful and with a degree of modification, prove suitable for adaptation to other areas of the family support services. It is not appropriate to discuss this model in detail, but suffice it to say that it has tiered structure so that the degree of distress and need is titrated against the degree of input generated. One of the reasons that we have selected this particular paper to present in this context is for its last section. It proposes a â€Å"family support services model† which has been developed and pioneered in the Leicester area. In the context of our review, it is worth considering in some detail. A service provided through a family support team (four family support assistants).This is designed to detect a range of problems at the time of crisis; manage a degree of mental health problems (behavioural and emotional); provide parenting-training; support and train housing(hostel) staff; co-ordinate the work of different agencies; and provide some continuity after rehousing by ensuring intake by appropriate local services. The family workers are based at the main hostel for homeless children and families. Other, predominantly voluntary, services have established alternative posts, such as advocates and key workers. Whatever the title of the post, it is essential that the post-holder has some experience and on-going training in mental health and child protection, so that he or she can hold a substantial case-load, rather than merely mediate between already limited services. The family support workers have direct access to the local child and adult mental health services, whose staff provide weekly outreach clinics. Their role is to work with the family support workers another agencies, assess selected children and families, and provide treatment for more severe problems or disorders such as depression, self-harm and PTSD. A weekly inter-agency liaison meeting at the main hostel is attended by a health visitor, representatives of the local domestic violence service and Sure Start, There are also close, regular links with education welfare and social services. The aim is to effectively utilise specialist skills by discussing family situations from all perspectives at the liaison meeting. A bimonthly steering group, led by the housing department, involves senior managers representing these agencies, as well as the education and social services departments and the voluntary sector, and they oversee and co-ordinate the service. This appears to be something of an exemplar in relation to services provided elsewhere. The paper does not provide any element of costing sin this area neither does it provide any figures in relation to its success rates, contact rates or overall effectiveness. In conclusion this paper is an extremely well written and authoritative overview of the situation relating to the stresses of the homeless parent with children and the effectiveness (or lack of it) in its ability to reduce the stresses experienced by the homeless children in need and their parents. It proposes remedies but sadly it does not evaluate the effectiveness of those remedies. The effectiveness of the support services on families of children with psychiatric morbidity In order to address these shortcomings we can consider another paper by Tickler (et al 2000). This looks at a similar outreach set up which has been designed to capture the families of children in need who might otherwise slip through the net. This paper is written from different perspective and specifically analyses the effectiveness of these services as they pertain to an entry cohort of 40 families. This particular study was set up after preliminary work was done in the Birmingham area with 114 homeless families and this study defined the needs of the families but did not quantify their support systems.(Vostanis et al 1998). This paper set out to identify and measure the support systems available and their effectiveness as far as the families were concerned. The stresses encountered were partly reflected by the incidence of psychiatric morbidity. The mothers in the group were found to have over 50% more morbidity than a matched control group. The children in the group were found to have â€Å"histories of abuse, living in care, being on the at-risk protection register, delayed communication and higher reported mental health problems.† Allot which adds to the general background stress levels. (Kerouac S etal. 1996). This particular study found that despite the psychiatric morbidity in the children, (estimated to be about 30%), and the psychiatric morbidity in the parents, (estimated at about 50%), only 3%of the children and 10% of the parents had had any significant contactor support from the social services. In this respect, this paper is very useful to our purpose as it quantifies the levels of intervention and access to healthcare resources that this particular group has. By any appreciation, it would be considered woefully inadequate in any society that calls itself civilised. In the terms of the title of this piece, the effectiveness of the family support services is minimal. Suggestions for improvement Like the last paper discussed, this one also considered how best to tackle the problem, and this one is of much greater value to us, as it specifies a response, or intervention, to the problem in much the same way as the Vostranis 2002 paper did, but it makes the same measurements as it did prior to the intervention, and therefore allows us an insight into the actual effectiveness of the intervention. The way this particular study worked was to assess the problem (as it has been presented above), devise an intervention strategy and then to measure its effect. This particular study goes to great lengths to actively involve all the appropriate agencies that could help the situation by having a central assessment station that acted as liaison between all of the other resources. In brief, it actively involved liaison with the following: Education, social services, child protection, local mental health services, voluntary and community organisations to facilitate there-integration of the family into the community, and particularly their engagement with local services following rehousing; and training of staff of homeless centres in the understanding, recognition and management of mental illness in children and parents. This is essential, as hostel staff often work in isolation and have little knowledge of the potential severity and consequences of mental health problems in children. It was hoped that, by doing this, it would maximise the impact that the limited resources had on reducing the levels of morbidity and stress in the families of the children in need. Results The post intervention results were, by any estimate, impressive considering the historical difficulty of working with this particular group (OHara M 1995). 40 families (including 122 children) were studied in detail. The paper gives a detailed breakdown of the ethnic and demographic breakdown of the group. By far the biggest group were single mothers and children (72%) The results showed that the majority of referrals were seen between1-3 times (55%), with a further 22% being seen 4-6 times. It is reflection of the difficulty in engaging this type of family in need that over 25% did not actually keep their appointments despite the obvious potential benefits that could have been utilised. The authors investigated this group further and ascertained that a common reason for nonattendance was the perception that the psychological welfare of the children was not actually the main concern. The families perceived that their primary needs were rehousing and financial stability. Other priorities identified were that physical health was a greater priority than mental health. The authors also identify another common failing in the social services provision, and that is the general lack of regular contact. They cite the situation where some families cope well initially, apparently glad to have escaped an abusive or violent home situation, but a prolonged stay in a hostel or temporary accommodation may soon precipitate a bout of depression in the parents and behavioural problems in the children of such parents. (Brooks RM et al 1998). They suggest that regular re-visiting of families who have been in temporary accommodation for any significant length of time should be mandatory. This paper takes a very practical overview by pointing out that workability of the system is, to a large extent, dependent on the goodwill of a number of committed professionals. The authors state that this has to be nurtured and they call for sufficient funding must be given to enable this particular model to be extended to a National level. Thus far in the review we have considered the effectiveness of the service provision in the support of the families of the children in need in one specific target grouping, those who are stressed by virtue of the fact that they are homeless. We will now consider the literature on a different kind of family stress, and that is when a parent dies. This leaves the children with a considerable amount of potential emotional â€Å"baggage† and the surviving parent with an enormous amount of stress. (Webb E 1998). Effectiveness of support services in the case of parental bereavement An excellent paper by Downey (et al 1999) tackles this particular problem with both sensitivity and also considerable rigour. It is a long and complex paper, but the overall aims and objectives are clear from the outset. The structure of the paper is a prospective case study which aims to assess whether the degree of distress suffered by a family during a time of bereavement is in any way linked to the degree of service provision that is utilised. The base line for this study is set out in its first two paragraphs. Parentally bereaved children and surviving parents showed a greater than predicted level of psychiatric morbidity. Boys had greater levels of demonstrable morbidity than did girls, but bereaved mothers showed more morbidity than did bereaved fathers. Children were more likely to show signs of behavioural disturbance when the surviving parent manifested some kind of psychiatric disorder. (Kranzler EM et al 1990). The authors point to the fact that their study shows that the service provision is statistically related to a number of (arguably unexpected[Fristad MA et al 1993]) factors namely: The age of the children and the manner of parental death. Children under 5 years of age were less likely to be offered services than older children even though their parents desired it. Children were significantly more likely to be offered services when the parent had committed suicide or when the death was expected. Children least likely to receive service support were those who were not in touch with services before parental death. Paradoxically the level of service provision was not found to be statistically significantly related to either the parental wishes or the degree of the psychiatric disturbance in either the parent orchid. (Sanchez L et al 1994) The service provision did have some statistical relationships but that was only found to be the manner of the parental death and the actual age of the child at the time. The authors therefore are able to identify a mismatch between the perceived need for support and the actual service provision made. Part of that mismatch is found to be due to the inability of the social services and other related agencies to take a dispassionate overview. Elsewhere in the paper the authors suggest that there are other factors that add to this inequality and they include lack of resources and a lack of specificity in identifying children at greatest risk.(Harrington R 1996) The authors examine other literature to back up their initial precept that bereaved children have greater levels of morbidity. They cite many other papers who have found distress manifesting in the form of â€Å"anxiety, depression, withdrawal, sleep disturbance, and aggression.†(Worden JW et al. 1996) and also psychological problems in later life(Harris T et al. 1996). In terms of study structure, the authors point to methodological problems with other papers in the area including a common failing of either having a standardised measure or no matched control group(Mohammed D et al 2003). They also point to the fact that this is probably the first UK study to investigate the subject using a properly representative sample and certainly the first to investigate whether service provision is actually related to the degree of the problems experienced. The entry cohort involved nearly 550 families with 94 having children in the target range (2-18). With certain exclusions (such as two families where one parent had murdered the other etc.) and no respondents, the final cohort was reduced to 45 families and one target child was randomly selected from each family. It has to be noted that the comparatively large number of on-respondents may have introduced a large element of bias, insofar as it is possible that the families most in need of support were those who were most distressed by the death of a family member and these could have been the very ones who chose not to participate. (Morton V et al2003) The authors make no comment on this particular fact. The authors should be commended for a particularly ingenious control measure for the children. They were matched by asking their schoolteacher to complete an inventory of disturbed behaviour on the next child in the school register after the target child. A large part of the paper is taken up with methodological issues which ( apart from the comments above) cannot be faulted. Results In terms of being children in need, 60% of children were found to have â€Å"significant behavioural abnormalities† with 28% having scores above the 95th centile. In terms of specific service support provision, 82% of parents identified a perceived need for support by virtue of the behaviour of their children. Only 49% of these actually received it in any degree. Perhaps the most surprising statistic to come out of this study waste fact that of the parents who were offered support 44% were in the group who asked for it and 56% were in the group who didn’t want it. The levels of support offered were independent of the degree of behavioural disturbance in the child. Suggestions for improvement As with the majority of papers that we have either presented here or read in preparation for this review, the authors call for a more rationally targeted approach to the utilisation of limited resources. The study also provides us with a very pertinent comment which many experienced healthcare professionals will empathise with, (Black D1996), and that is: Practitioners should also be aware that child disturbance may reflect undetected psychological distress in the surviving parent. While not suggesting that this is a reflection of Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy, the comment is a valid reflection of the fact that parental distress may be well hidden from people outside of the family and may only present as a manifestation of the child’s behaviour. (Feldman Met al. 1994) The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are that there is considerable gap in the support offered ( quite apart form the effectiveness of that support) in this area of obvious stress for both parents and children. (Black D 1998). This study goes some way to quantifying the level of support actually given in these circumstances. Effectiveness of support in families where there is domestic violence We have considered the role of the effectiveness and indeed, even the existence, of adequate support services for the children in need and their parents in a number of different social circumstances. The next paper that we wish to present is an excellent review of the support that is given to another specific sub-group and that is women and children who suffer from domestic violence. Webb and her group (etal 2001) considered the problem in considerable (and commendable) depth The study itself had an entry cohort of nearly 150 children and their mothers who were resident in a number of hostels and women’s refuges that had been the victims of family violence at some stage in the recent past. The study subjected the cohort to a battery of tests designed to assess their physical, emotional and psychological health, and then quantified their access to, and support gained from, the primary healthcare teams and other social service-based support agencies. This study is presented in a long and sometimes difficult tread format. Much of the presentation is (understandably) taken up with statistical, ethical and methodological matters – all of which appear to be largely of excellent quality and the result of careful consideration. Results The results make for interesting and, (in the context of this review), very relevant reading. Perhaps one of the more original findings was that nearly 60% of the child health data held by the various refuges was factually incorrect. This clearly has grave implications for studies that base their evidence base on that data set(Berwick D 2005). Of great implication for the social services support mechanisms was the finding that 76% of the mothers in the study expressed concerns about the health of their children. Once they had left the refuge there was significant loss to the follow up systems as 15% were untraceable and25% returned to the home of the original perpetrator. The study documents the fact that this particular group had both high level of need for support and also a poor level of access to appropriate services. In the study conclusions, the authors make the pertinent comment that the time spent in the refuge offers a â€Å"window of opportunity† for the family support services to make contact and to review health and child developmental status. This is not a demographically small group. In the UK, over 35,000children and a parent, are recorded as passing through the refuges each year, with at least a similar number also being referred to other types of safe accommodation. Such measures are clearly not undertaken lightly with the average woman only entering a refuge after an average of 28separate assaults. One can only speculate at the long term effects that this can have on both the mother and the children. Suggestions for improvement In common with the other papers reviewed, this paper also calls for greater levels of support for the families concerned as, by inference, the current levels of effectiveness of the family support services is clearly inadequate. Conclusions This review has specifically presented a number of papers which have been chosen from a much larger number that have been accessed and assessed, because of the fact that each has a particularly important issue or factor in its construction or results. The issue that we have set out to evaluate is the effectiveness of the family support services which are specifically aimed at reducing the stress levels for the parents of children in need. Almost without exception, all of the papers that have been accessed (quite apart from those presented) have demonstrated the fact that the levels of support from the statutory bodies is â€Å"less than optimum† and in some cases it can only be described as â€Å"dire†. Another factor that is a common finding, is that, given the fact that any welfare system is, by its very nature, a rationed system, the provision of the services that are provided is seldom targeted at the groups that need it the most. One can cite the Tickler (et al 2000)and Downey (et al 1999) papers in particular as demonstrating that substantial proportion of the resources mobilised are actually being directed to groups that are either not requesting support or who demonstrably need it less than other sectors of the community. Some of the papers (actually a small proportion) make positive suggestions about the models for redirecting and targeting support. Sadly, the majority do little more than call for â€Å"more research to be done on the issue†. In overview, we would have to conclude that the evidence suggests that the effectiveness of the family support services in reducing stress and poverty for the parents of children in need is poor at best and certainly capable of considerable improvement. References Bassuk, E., Buckner, J., Weiner, L., et al (1997) Homelessness in female-headed families: childhood and adult risk and protective factors. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 241–248 1997 Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. Black D. 1996 Childhood bereavement: distress and long term sequelae can be lessened by early intervention. BMJ 1996; 312: 1496 Black D. 1998 Coping with loss: bereavement in childhood. BMJ 1998; 316: 931-933 BPA 1999 British Paediatric Association. Outcome measures for child health. London: Royal College of Paediatric Effectiveness of Support for Children in Homeless Families Effectiveness of Support for Children in Homeless Families The whole issue of parents and children in need is a vast, complex and ethically challenging one. This review is specifically charged with an examination of those issues which impinge upon the stresses and strains that are experienced by parents of children in need. A superficial examination of these issues that are involved in this particular area would suggest that there are a number of â€Å"sub-texts â€Å"which can all give rise to this particular situation. Firstly, to have child in need is clearly a stressful situation for any parent.(Meltzer H et al. 1999) This can clearly be purely a financial concern and a reflection of the fact that the whole family is in financial hardship, perhaps due to the economic situation or perhaps due to the actions of the parents themselves. Equally the need of the child can be a result of anon-financial need, so we should also consider the child who is in some way handicapped, ill, emotionally disturbed or perhaps in need in some other way. This produces another type of stress on the parent, and these stresses are typically longer lasting and, in general, less easily rectified than a purely financial consideration of need. (Hall D1996). It is part of the basic ethos of the welfare state that it should look after its less able and disadvantaged members. (Welsh Office 1997).Parents of children in need will often qualify in this definition. We shall therefore examine the various aspects of this problem. Literature Review Effectiveness of family support for children in homeless families We will make a start by considering one type of child in need. The first paper that we will consider is that of Prof. Vostanis (Vostanis2002), which looks at the mental health problems that are faced by deprived children and their families together with the effectiveness of the resources that are available to them. It is a well written and well researched paper, if rather complex and confusing in places. We will consider this paper in some detail as it provides an excellent overview of the whole area. The paper starts with a rather useful definition for our purposes. It qualifies the deprived child, initially in terms of a homeless family, that being : A family of any number of adults with dependent children who are statutorily accepted by local authorities (housing departments) in teak, and are usually accommodated for a brief period in voluntary agency, local authority or housing association hostels. This period of temporary accommodation can vary enormously depending on the time of year and the area considered, and can range from a few days to perhaps several months. The target in Greater London is currently storehouse homeless families within 4-6 weeks. In London particularly, the homeless families can be placed in Bed Breakfast accommodation.(D of H 1998) In this respect, the immediate family support mechanisms do appear tube in place. Vostranis however, goes on to make the observation that despite the fact that the definition of the homeless family is rather broad, it does not cover all of the potential children in need, as those children and their carers who have lost their homes but have managed to live with relatives, on the streets or perhaps live as travellers, are not covered by the statutory obligation to provide housing. The official figures therefore, he observes, are generally an underestimate of the true situation. The official figures for the homeless families are put (in this paper) at 140,000. (Vostanis Cumella, 1999) The authors give us further information in that many families will become homeless again within one year of rehousing and the typical family seen is the single mother and at least two children who are generally under the age of 11 yrs. They also observe that the typical father and adolescent child tend to be placed in homeless centres. (Doff H 1995) In exploration of the particular topic that we are considering, the authors give us the situations that typically have given rise to the degree of parental stress that may have led to the homelessness. They point to the fact that a homeless family is usually homeless for different reasons to the single homeless adult. Vostanis (et al 1997)is quoted as showing that 50% of the cases studied were homeless as direct result of domestic violence and 25% as a result of harassment from neighbours. The authors observe that the numbers in this category(and therefore the problems), are rising. (Welsh Office 1999). There are a number of section to this paper which are not directly referable to our considerations. We shall therefore direct our attention purely to those parts that have a direct bearing on the subject. One particularly useful and analytical part of the paper is the section that details the characteristics and needs of the target group. This is a very detailed section, but it makes the point that the children in need in this group are particularly heterogeneous, generally all with multiple and inter-related needs. Homelessness is seldom a one off event. This particular observation, (say the authors),is crucially important for the development and provision of services. Most families have histories of previous chronic adversities that constitute risk factors for both children and parents (Bassuk et al,1997). Such events include family conflict, violence and breakdown; limited or absent networks for family and social support; recurring moves; poverty; and unemployment. Mothers are more likely to have suffered abuse in their own childhood and adult life and children have increased rates of placement on the at-risk child protection register, because of neglect, physical and/or sexual abuse. If we specifically consider the health needs of this population, the authors categorise them thus: The children are more likely to have a history of low birthweight, anaemia, dental decay and delayed immunisations, to be of lower stature and have a greater degree of nutritional stress. They are also more likely to suffer accidents, injuries and burns. (BPA 1999) Some studies have found that child health problems increase with the duration of homelessness, although this finding is not consistent. Substantial proportion of homeless children have delayed development compared with the general population of children of a similar chronological age. This includes both specific developmental delays, such as in receptive and expressive language and visual, motor and reading skills, as well as general skills and educational status (Webbet al. 2001). It is for this reason specifically, that it has proved extremely difficult to assess the effectiveness of the family support services because of the multivariate nature of the problems that are presented. The authors point to the fact that one of the prime determinants of the degree of support available, is the actual access that the families have to these services. Many sources (viz. Wilkinson R 1996), equate the poor health of the disadvantaged primarily with the lack of access to services. One immediate difficulty is the current registration system in the UK. In order to be seen in the primary healthcare team setting, one must be registered with a named doctor. In the majority of cases that we are dealing with here, they have moved area and registration is probably not high on their list of priorities. One can argue that there is the access to the A E departments of the local hospitals but there is virtually no continuity here and they arena geared up to provide anything other than immediate treatment. (HallD 1996). This fact restricts their access to primary healthcare team procedures such as immunisations and other preventative medicine health clinics.(Lissauer et al, 1993) . By the same token these groups also have restricted access to the social services, whether they be the access teams, the family teams or the family support units and other agencies. The authors also point to other more disruptive trends in this group such as an inability to attend a particular school for fear of being tracked by an abusive partner. It follows that these children do not have a stable social support of a school. They are denied such factors as peer groups, routines and challenges which are both important protective and developmental factors. (Shankleman J et al2000). The summation of all of these factors, and others, is that the effectiveness of the family support services is greatly reduced by the mobility and the transient nature of the family unit. Quite apart from the difficulties outlined above relating to the problems of access to avenues of help open to the child in need and their families there are the problems engendered by the fact that social service departments indifferent areas of the country may not have immediate access to the previous records giving rise to many potential, and real, problems with continuity of care. This problem is brought into more immediate focus when one considers the increased frequency of child protection registrations in this particular group. (Hall D et al 1998). One specific analysis of the family support services of this particular group comes in the form of the psychiatric services. In the context of the title of this piece, it demonstrates how these particular services,(but not these alone), are failing to deal with the totality of the problem. All of the aspects that we have outlined so far are conspiring to dilute the effectiveness of the services provided. The fact that they are a mobile population with no fixed address means that some of the services may choose to invoke this as a reason for not making provision for them, particularly if resources are stretched. If more resources are given, then they are typically preferentially targeted at the single adult homeless population where the need is arguably greater. The authors of this paper point to the fact that this may not actually be true as some studies have shown that homeless single mothers and their children have a 49% psychopathy rate and only an 11% contact with the support services. (Cumella et al, 1998). The impact of this fact on the children can only be imagined. To an extent however, it can be quantified as the authors cite other studies which show a 30% need rating for children, (they do not actually define exactly what their perceived level of need was), contrasted with a 3% contact rate for children and adolescents in this area. (viz. Power S et al. 1995). Suggestions for improvement Putting these considerations together, the authors outline a set of proposals which are designed to help improve the access to some of the essential services. The model that they propose could, if successful and with a degree of modification, prove suitable for adaptation to other areas of the family support services. It is not appropriate to discuss this model in detail, but suffice it to say that it has tiered structure so that the degree of distress and need is titrated against the degree of input generated. One of the reasons that we have selected this particular paper to present in this context is for its last section. It proposes a â€Å"family support services model† which has been developed and pioneered in the Leicester area. In the context of our review, it is worth considering in some detail. A service provided through a family support team (four family support assistants).This is designed to detect a range of problems at the time of crisis; manage a degree of mental health problems (behavioural and emotional); provide parenting-training; support and train housing(hostel) staff; co-ordinate the work of different agencies; and provide some continuity after rehousing by ensuring intake by appropriate local services. The family workers are based at the main hostel for homeless children and families. Other, predominantly voluntary, services have established alternative posts, such as advocates and key workers. Whatever the title of the post, it is essential that the post-holder has some experience and on-going training in mental health and child protection, so that he or she can hold a substantial case-load, rather than merely mediate between already limited services. The family support workers have direct access to the local child and adult mental health services, whose staff provide weekly outreach clinics. Their role is to work with the family support workers another agencies, assess selected children and families, and provide treatment for more severe problems or disorders such as depression, self-harm and PTSD. A weekly inter-agency liaison meeting at the main hostel is attended by a health visitor, representatives of the local domestic violence service and Sure Start, There are also close, regular links with education welfare and social services. The aim is to effectively utilise specialist skills by discussing family situations from all perspectives at the liaison meeting. A bimonthly steering group, led by the housing department, involves senior managers representing these agencies, as well as the education and social services departments and the voluntary sector, and they oversee and co-ordinate the service. This appears to be something of an exemplar in relation to services provided elsewhere. The paper does not provide any element of costing sin this area neither does it provide any figures in relation to its success rates, contact rates or overall effectiveness. In conclusion this paper is an extremely well written and authoritative overview of the situation relating to the stresses of the homeless parent with children and the effectiveness (or lack of it) in its ability to reduce the stresses experienced by the homeless children in need and their parents. It proposes remedies but sadly it does not evaluate the effectiveness of those remedies. The effectiveness of the support services on families of children with psychiatric morbidity In order to address these shortcomings we can consider another paper by Tickler (et al 2000). This looks at a similar outreach set up which has been designed to capture the families of children in need who might otherwise slip through the net. This paper is written from different perspective and specifically analyses the effectiveness of these services as they pertain to an entry cohort of 40 families. This particular study was set up after preliminary work was done in the Birmingham area with 114 homeless families and this study defined the needs of the families but did not quantify their support systems.(Vostanis et al 1998). This paper set out to identify and measure the support systems available and their effectiveness as far as the families were concerned. The stresses encountered were partly reflected by the incidence of psychiatric morbidity. The mothers in the group were found to have over 50% more morbidity than a matched control group. The children in the group were found to have â€Å"histories of abuse, living in care, being on the at-risk protection register, delayed communication and higher reported mental health problems.† Allot which adds to the general background stress levels. (Kerouac S etal. 1996). This particular study found that despite the psychiatric morbidity in the children, (estimated to be about 30%), and the psychiatric morbidity in the parents, (estimated at about 50%), only 3%of the children and 10% of the parents had had any significant contactor support from the social services. In this respect, this paper is very useful to our purpose as it quantifies the levels of intervention and access to healthcare resources that this particular group has. By any appreciation, it would be considered woefully inadequate in any society that calls itself civilised. In the terms of the title of this piece, the effectiveness of the family support services is minimal. Suggestions for improvement Like the last paper discussed, this one also considered how best to tackle the problem, and this one is of much greater value to us, as it specifies a response, or intervention, to the problem in much the same way as the Vostranis 2002 paper did, but it makes the same measurements as it did prior to the intervention, and therefore allows us an insight into the actual effectiveness of the intervention. The way this particular study worked was to assess the problem (as it has been presented above), devise an intervention strategy and then to measure its effect. This particular study goes to great lengths to actively involve all the appropriate agencies that could help the situation by having a central assessment station that acted as liaison between all of the other resources. In brief, it actively involved liaison with the following: Education, social services, child protection, local mental health services, voluntary and community organisations to facilitate there-integration of the family into the community, and particularly their engagement with local services following rehousing; and training of staff of homeless centres in the understanding, recognition and management of mental illness in children and parents. This is essential, as hostel staff often work in isolation and have little knowledge of the potential severity and consequences of mental health problems in children. It was hoped that, by doing this, it would maximise the impact that the limited resources had on reducing the levels of morbidity and stress in the families of the children in need. Results The post intervention results were, by any estimate, impressive considering the historical difficulty of working with this particular group (OHara M 1995). 40 families (including 122 children) were studied in detail. The paper gives a detailed breakdown of the ethnic and demographic breakdown of the group. By far the biggest group were single mothers and children (72%) The results showed that the majority of referrals were seen between1-3 times (55%), with a further 22% being seen 4-6 times. It is reflection of the difficulty in engaging this type of family in need that over 25% did not actually keep their appointments despite the obvious potential benefits that could have been utilised. The authors investigated this group further and ascertained that a common reason for nonattendance was the perception that the psychological welfare of the children was not actually the main concern. The families perceived that their primary needs were rehousing and financial stability. Other priorities identified were that physical health was a greater priority than mental health. The authors also identify another common failing in the social services provision, and that is the general lack of regular contact. They cite the situation where some families cope well initially, apparently glad to have escaped an abusive or violent home situation, but a prolonged stay in a hostel or temporary accommodation may soon precipitate a bout of depression in the parents and behavioural problems in the children of such parents. (Brooks RM et al 1998). They suggest that regular re-visiting of families who have been in temporary accommodation for any significant length of time should be mandatory. This paper takes a very practical overview by pointing out that workability of the system is, to a large extent, dependent on the goodwill of a number of committed professionals. The authors state that this has to be nurtured and they call for sufficient funding must be given to enable this particular model to be extended to a National level. Thus far in the review we have considered the effectiveness of the service provision in the support of the families of the children in need in one specific target grouping, those who are stressed by virtue of the fact that they are homeless. We will now consider the literature on a different kind of family stress, and that is when a parent dies. This leaves the children with a considerable amount of potential emotional â€Å"baggage† and the surviving parent with an enormous amount of stress. (Webb E 1998). Effectiveness of support services in the case of parental bereavement An excellent paper by Downey (et al 1999) tackles this particular problem with both sensitivity and also considerable rigour. It is a long and complex paper, but the overall aims and objectives are clear from the outset. The structure of the paper is a prospective case study which aims to assess whether the degree of distress suffered by a family during a time of bereavement is in any way linked to the degree of service provision that is utilised. The base line for this study is set out in its first two paragraphs. Parentally bereaved children and surviving parents showed a greater than predicted level of psychiatric morbidity. Boys had greater levels of demonstrable morbidity than did girls, but bereaved mothers showed more morbidity than did bereaved fathers. Children were more likely to show signs of behavioural disturbance when the surviving parent manifested some kind of psychiatric disorder. (Kranzler EM et al 1990). The authors point to the fact that their study shows that the service provision is statistically related to a number of (arguably unexpected[Fristad MA et al 1993]) factors namely: The age of the children and the manner of parental death. Children under 5 years of age were less likely to be offered services than older children even though their parents desired it. Children were significantly more likely to be offered services when the parent had committed suicide or when the death was expected. Children least likely to receive service support were those who were not in touch with services before parental death. Paradoxically the level of service provision was not found to be statistically significantly related to either the parental wishes or the degree of the psychiatric disturbance in either the parent orchid. (Sanchez L et al 1994) The service provision did have some statistical relationships but that was only found to be the manner of the parental death and the actual age of the child at the time. The authors therefore are able to identify a mismatch between the perceived need for support and the actual service provision made. Part of that mismatch is found to be due to the inability of the social services and other related agencies to take a dispassionate overview. Elsewhere in the paper the authors suggest that there are other factors that add to this inequality and they include lack of resources and a lack of specificity in identifying children at greatest risk.(Harrington R 1996) The authors examine other literature to back up their initial precept that bereaved children have greater levels of morbidity. They cite many other papers who have found distress manifesting in the form of â€Å"anxiety, depression, withdrawal, sleep disturbance, and aggression.†(Worden JW et al. 1996) and also psychological problems in later life(Harris T et al. 1996). In terms of study structure, the authors point to methodological problems with other papers in the area including a common failing of either having a standardised measure or no matched control group(Mohammed D et al 2003). They also point to the fact that this is probably the first UK study to investigate the subject using a properly representative sample and certainly the first to investigate whether service provision is actually related to the degree of the problems experienced. The entry cohort involved nearly 550 families with 94 having children in the target range (2-18). With certain exclusions (such as two families where one parent had murdered the other etc.) and no respondents, the final cohort was reduced to 45 families and one target child was randomly selected from each family. It has to be noted that the comparatively large number of on-respondents may have introduced a large element of bias, insofar as it is possible that the families most in need of support were those who were most distressed by the death of a family member and these could have been the very ones who chose not to participate. (Morton V et al2003) The authors make no comment on this particular fact. The authors should be commended for a particularly ingenious control measure for the children. They were matched by asking their schoolteacher to complete an inventory of disturbed behaviour on the next child in the school register after the target child. A large part of the paper is taken up with methodological issues which ( apart from the comments above) cannot be faulted. Results In terms of being children in need, 60% of children were found to have â€Å"significant behavioural abnormalities† with 28% having scores above the 95th centile. In terms of specific service support provision, 82% of parents identified a perceived need for support by virtue of the behaviour of their children. Only 49% of these actually received it in any degree. Perhaps the most surprising statistic to come out of this study waste fact that of the parents who were offered support 44% were in the group who asked for it and 56% were in the group who didn’t want it. The levels of support offered were independent of the degree of behavioural disturbance in the child. Suggestions for improvement As with the majority of papers that we have either presented here or read in preparation for this review, the authors call for a more rationally targeted approach to the utilisation of limited resources. The study also provides us with a very pertinent comment which many experienced healthcare professionals will empathise with, (Black D1996), and that is: Practitioners should also be aware that child disturbance may reflect undetected psychological distress in the surviving parent. While not suggesting that this is a reflection of Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy, the comment is a valid reflection of the fact that parental distress may be well hidden from people outside of the family and may only present as a manifestation of the child’s behaviour. (Feldman Met al. 1994) The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are that there is considerable gap in the support offered ( quite apart form the effectiveness of that support) in this area of obvious stress for both parents and children. (Black D 1998). This study goes some way to quantifying the level of support actually given in these circumstances. Effectiveness of support in families where there is domestic violence We have considered the role of the effectiveness and indeed, even the existence, of adequate support services for the children in need and their parents in a number of different social circumstances. The next paper that we wish to present is an excellent review of the support that is given to another specific sub-group and that is women and children who suffer from domestic violence. Webb and her group (etal 2001) considered the problem in considerable (and commendable) depth The study itself had an entry cohort of nearly 150 children and their mothers who were resident in a number of hostels and women’s refuges that had been the victims of family violence at some stage in the recent past. The study subjected the cohort to a battery of tests designed to assess their physical, emotional and psychological health, and then quantified their access to, and support gained from, the primary healthcare teams and other social service-based support agencies. This study is presented in a long and sometimes difficult tread format. Much of the presentation is (understandably) taken up with statistical, ethical and methodological matters – all of which appear to be largely of excellent quality and the result of careful consideration. Results The results make for interesting and, (in the context of this review), very relevant reading. Perhaps one of the more original findings was that nearly 60% of the child health data held by the various refuges was factually incorrect. This clearly has grave implications for studies that base their evidence base on that data set(Berwick D 2005). Of great implication for the social services support mechanisms was the finding that 76% of the mothers in the study expressed concerns about the health of their children. Once they had left the refuge there was significant loss to the follow up systems as 15% were untraceable and25% returned to the home of the original perpetrator. The study documents the fact that this particular group had both high level of need for support and also a poor level of access to appropriate services. In the study conclusions, the authors make the pertinent comment that the time spent in the refuge offers a â€Å"window of opportunity† for the family support services to make contact and to review health and child developmental status. This is not a demographically small group. In the UK, over 35,000children and a parent, are recorded as passing through the refuges each year, with at least a similar number also being referred to other types of safe accommodation. Such measures are clearly not undertaken lightly with the average woman only entering a refuge after an average of 28separate assaults. One can only speculate at the long term effects that this can have on both the mother and the children. Suggestions for improvement In common with the other papers reviewed, this paper also calls for greater levels of support for the families concerned as, by inference, the current levels of effectiveness of the family support services is clearly inadequate. Conclusions This review has specifically presented a number of papers which have been chosen from a much larger number that have been accessed and assessed, because of the fact that each has a particularly important issue or factor in its construction or results. The issue that we have set out to evaluate is the effectiveness of the family support services which are specifically aimed at reducing the stress levels for the parents of children in need. Almost without exception, all of the papers that have been accessed (quite apart from those presented) have demonstrated the fact that the levels of support from the statutory bodies is â€Å"less than optimum† and in some cases it can only be described as â€Å"dire†. Another factor that is a common finding, is that, given the fact that any welfare system is, by its very nature, a rationed system, the provision of the services that are provided is seldom targeted at the groups that need it the most. One can cite the Tickler (et al 2000)and Downey (et al 1999) papers in particular as demonstrating that substantial proportion of the resources mobilised are actually being directed to groups that are either not requesting support or who demonstrably need it less than other sectors of the community. Some of the papers (actually a small proportion) make positive suggestions about the models for redirecting and targeting support. Sadly, the majority do little more than call for â€Å"more research to be done on the issue†. In overview, we would have to conclude that the evidence suggests that the effectiveness of the family support services in reducing stress and poverty for the parents of children in need is poor at best and certainly capable of considerable improvement. References Bassuk, E., Buckner, J., Weiner, L., et al (1997) Homelessness in female-headed families: childhood and adult risk and protective factors. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 241–248 1997 Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. Black D. 1996 Childhood bereavement: distress and long term sequelae can be lessened by early intervention. BMJ 1996; 312: 1496 Black D. 1998 Coping with loss: bereavement in childhood. BMJ 1998; 316: 931-933 BPA 1999 British Paediatric Association. Outcome measures for child health. London: Royal College of Paediatric