The Freedom Of Information Act - 743 Words

proceedings remains subject to the will of that government which controls the data or the site. Since 1965, at the federal level, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has been the vital basis for access claims, many of which have been litigated with varying results. Among the nine statutory exemptions to a citizen’s right of access under FOIA, those most likely to precipitate privacy tensions are Exemptions 6 and 7c. The first of these relates to information such as personnel and medical files, the disclosure of which would â€Å"constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.† Exemption 7c excludes records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, â€Å"but only to the extent that the production of such [materials] †¦ could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.† In the major decision construing and applying Exemption 7c, United States Department of Justice v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749 (1989), the Supreme Court noted the need, under the statute, to balance the interests of openness and accountability against the statutory recognition of individual privacy. The justices unanimously rejected claims of access to a suspect’s rap sheet, noting the vital distinction (in FOIA) between the statute’s â€Å"purpose to ensure that the Government’s activities be opened to the sharp eye of public scrutiny† and the contrasting claim that â€Å"information about private citizens that happens to be in theShow MoreRelatedFreedom Of Information Act1360 Words   |  6 Pagesagency carry out provisions of legislation, while leaving the public uninformed. The New York Times and ProPublica identified 71 appointees through information given by the Freedom of Information Act. 28 of which have potential c onflicts through businesses and lobbying. The Freedom of Information Act gives any person access to records or information through federal agencies. The New York Times article states President Trump has appointed lawyers, employees of industry funded organizations, and otherRead MoreFreedom Of Information Act Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pagesprivacy within the last year was a nuanced legal decision that has the potential to impact a rarely discussed expectation of privacy for federal employees while impacting transparency for U.S. government agencies. Enacted on July 4, 1966, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) provides any person with the right, enforceable in court, to obtain access to federal agency records, except to the extent that such records are protected from public disclosure by one of nine exemptions, or one of three special lawRead MoreThe Freedom Of Information Act Case Report1346 Words   |  6 Pagesthe complaint.  All information given by you  and the employee will become the  FOIA FILE.The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) is a law that allows any member of the public to request copies of federal government records, including EEOC records. 5 U.S.C.  § 552. EEOC makes many records publicly available on the EEOCs main website, such as informal discussion letters and guidance documents. If mediation fails you must and request the FOIA immediately. Because it has information that the employer submittedRead MoreThe Importance Of The Freedom Of Information Act And Similar Legislation3081 Words   |  13 Pag esFOIA and Individual Privacy Kevin Spann PSC 521 The importance of the Freedom of Information Act and similar legislation is difficult to undersell. By signing the act into law in 1966, and revising the Administrative Procedure Act the United States led the way in asserting that a well informed electorate is a necessary component of a successful democracy. America reached this conclusion before similar representative democracies such as Canada who did not pass similar legislation untilRead More The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 20006383 Words   |  26 PagesThe Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000 Introduction ============ For my module computing I have to find research and produce detailed report on freedom of information and the need for security. The information commissioner’s office enforces and oversees the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000. I need to read and understand knowledge respecting private lives of individuals and encourage the openness and accountability of public authoritiesRead MoreEssay Freedom of information indonesia1492 Words   |  6 PagesLEGAL PROPOSITION ON THE PUBLIC FREEDOM OF INFORMATION OF INDONESIA By: Adistra Kusuma Waligalit, Faculty of Law of Gadjah Mada University This study identified several Legal defects regarding the Act on Public Freedom of Information of Indonesia. These legal defects will be explained along with the reccomendations of remedy as below. INTRODUCTION After experiencing a difficult time in New Order era (1966-1998), when the civil rights to freely obtain information had been abused by the governmentRead MoreProfessional Issues in Computing1126 Words   |  5 PagesNational and Global legislation involved in computing and information systems development. Computers and their uses have become pervasive in todays society with new uses occurring on almost a daily basis. In general this use is beneficial; however, as with all technology, computers may be put to the wrong use. In order to safeguard computer users in the UK there are different types of legislation covering the many uses or misuses of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Following is theRead More Internet and Personal Privacy Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagesside of the argument prevail. The Freedom of Information Act which was established in 1966 states that all people shall have access to federal records. This allows the public to be kept abreast of the workings in the government. Any person may request a document, which the government must present, however, the government can not synthesize a document. It is even possible to order these records on the World Wide Web. The father of the Freedom of Information Act, John E. Moss, believed that citizensRead MoreThe Freedom Of Privacy Act1078 Words   |  5 Pagesprivacy. IV. Thesis Statement: The Freedom of Privacy Act is design to counter and replace the unconstitutional Patriot Act, and return privacy back to our nation. V. Preview briefing: The increase of government intrusion has been on the rise since the Patriot Act was turned into law which have infringed on our constitutional rights, and that the Freedom of Privacy Act if on voted by congress will give us back those rights. We will also be taking any question about the act if there are any. Transition:Read MoreThe State Of Librariancy : Article Analysis1355 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way we perceive news and information. Fake news is a danger to our democracy and if we, as library professionals, are going to fight it, we have to face it. That being my theory, this would make a good source for my research. Childs, L. (2017). To Uphold and Resist: Protecting Intellectual Freedom through Progressive Librarianship. Serials Librarian, 73(1), 58-67. Laura Childs’ scholarly article on using progressive librarianship to protect intellectual freedom does not take a neutral position

Writing Effective School Policy and Procedures

Writing policy and procedures for schools is a part of an administrators job. School policies and procedures are essentially the governing documents by which your school district and school buildings are operated. It is essential that your policies and procedures be current and up-to-date. These should be reviewed and revised as necessary, and new policies and procedures should be written as needed. The following guidelines are tips and suggestions to consider when you are evaluating old policy and procedures or writing new ones. Why Is the Evaluation of School Policies and Procedures Important? Every school has a student handbook, support staff handbook, and certified staff handbook which are loaded with policies and procedures. These are vital pieces of each school because they govern the day-to-day occurrences that happen in your buildings. They are valuable because they offer the guidelines for how the administration and school board believe their school should be run. These policies come into play every single day. They are a set of expectations that all constituents within the school are held accountable by. How Do You Write Targeted Policy? Policies and procedures typically are written with a specific target audience in mind, This includes students, teachers, administrators, support staff, and even parents. Policies and procedures should be written so that the target audience understands what is being asked or directed of them.  For example, a policy written for a middle school student handbook should be written at a middle school grade level and with terminology that the average middle school student will understand. What Makes a Policy Clear? A quality policy is both informative and direct meaning that the information is not ambiguous, and it is always straight to the point. It is also clear and concise. A well-written policy will not create confusion. A good policy is also up-to-date. For example, policies dealing with technology probably need frequently updated  due to the rapid evolution of the technology industry itself. A clear policy is easy to understand. The readers of the policy should not only understand the meaning of the policy but understand the tone and the underlying reason the policy was written. When Do You Add New Policies or Revise Old Ones? Policies should be written and/or revised as needed. Student handbooks and such should be reviewed on a yearly basis. Administrators should be encouraged to keep documentation of all policies and procedures that they feel need to be added or revised as the school year moves along. There are times to put a piece of new or revised policy in effect immediately within a school year, but the majority of the time, the new or revised policy should go into effect the following school year. What Are Good Procedures for Adding or Revising Policies? The majority of policy should go through several channels before it is included within your proper district’s policy book. The first thing that has to happen is that a rough draft of the policy has to be written. This is usually done by a principal or other school administrator. Once the administrator is happy with the policy, then it is an excellent idea to form a review committee made up of the administrator, teachers, students, and parents. During the review committee, the administrator explains the policy and its purpose, the committee discusses the policy, makes any recommendations for revision, and decides whether it should be submitted to the superintendent for review. The superintendent then reviews the policy and may seek legal counsel to make sure the policy is legally viable. The superintendent may kick the policy back down to the review committee to make changes, may kick out the policy completely, or may send it on to the school board for them to review. The school board can vote to reject the policy, accept the policy, or may ask that a part be revised within the policy before they accept it. Once it is approved by the school board, then it becomes official school policy and is added to the appropriate district handbook.

Review and Critique of Gender in Cross-Cultural...

Review and Critique of: Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective A book by Caroline Bretell Carolyn Sargent By Introduction In this book the focus is on how gender is constructed around the world. The book demonstrated many different areas in which women either ruled or ruled together with man. It leaves people with hope that the world is capable of an equalitarianism society. Many topics in the field of anthropology of gender are covered. The authors feature not only information from classic sources but also include recent literature from around the world. This book gives readers an awareness and understanding of the sociology of†¦show more content†¦The women are actually so scared to be alone with a man that this tradition is not questioned. This tradition is considered the most important event in a girls life, if there is blood on the cloth it will no longer matter what anyone may say about the girl. It is also important because the girls virginity is inseparable from her familys honor. This tradition also speaks to the honor of the mans family. If the man acts quickly and unafraid he will be praised. The author states Given this group investment in the brides virginity, the central rite of the wedding becomes a drama of suspense and relief that must powerfully shape peoples experiences of sexuality as something that belongs to the many, and especially to ones family. This article clearly shows how culture can shape sexuality which in turns shapes gender identity. It is evident that the mans virginity was not of any concern, demonstrating a double standard. Men are given more liberties in this community. However with such stake riding on their own virginity women are in a since forced to comply. It is clear by the above articles alone that the authors of the book have explored and included a wide range of information exploring gender studies from many perspectives including an anthropological one. Cross-Culturally Comparing Gender Issues Brittell and Sargent set out to explore

Evaluating the Causes of Uncertainty in Logistics Operations

Question: Discuss factors that will influence the decision on outsourcing or to keep it in house by using the performance objectives and Risks involved in the process of decision making and the recommendations that will help in mitigating the risks? Answer: Basis for optimal outsourcing solutions Tasks which are strategically unimportant but have important operational performance are to be outsourced. For e.g., an auto manufacturer may outsource the delivery services to a dealer. How delivery affects customer is not a matter of strategic importance but it smoothens operations hugely. It is to be checked whether the operational performance come to a standstill if its to be outsourced. Besides lower value services like back office and human resources, the oil companies also outsource higher value serves like the entire gamut of technology or the IT Vertical completely to gain efficiency and improvements in productivity and also cost cutting through operational excellence. Figure 1: Outsourcing Decision Matrix Source: (Dey, LaGuardia and Srinivasan, 2011) The doors are open for oil majors to take benefit of cost minimization like outsourcing of verticals like IT and back office operations are seen as proven sustainable policies. Globally according to Forbes Global 2000, about 36 % of oil firms have resorted to outsourcing policies (Dey, LaGuardia and Srinivasan, 2011). Sophisticated cost minimization policies, like application portfolio rationalization and applying cloud infrastructure, are to drive further more cost reduction. About 75% of times, higher value is generated from outsourcing of IT verticals in Forbes Global 2000 study. This particular figure helps in knowing the overall operational performance against the strategic importance which will help in the decision making process. Shell: A case study in Outsourcing As a part of the global IT Outsourcing wave, Royal Dutch Shell has entered a$ 4 billion multi supplier outsourcing deal with EDS and ATT that tends to catapult Shell to the next higher level in customer service. It is considered that the deal will cover 150000 users in over 100 nations that will cause EDS managing Shells computing services. EDS, that is over 45 years ago, will act as a custodian of IT services of all other Outsourcing companies. Emails and Internet phone services will witness a sea change in terms of achieving robustness and integration as Shell embodies rise in efficiency and improvements in productivity (Dowle et al., 2015). In the IT infrastructure team of Shell there is seen massive restructuring as 600 workers will stay in house and remaining 3000 jobs will be outsourced to the IT consulting majors. In order to thrive in the world of competition and volatile crude oil prices, Shell aims to increase its hydrocarbon reserves while keeping marketing and distributio n channels of products and services streamlined and efficient. Shells Endeavour to outsource from IT companies emphasizes the oil majors desire to innovate by leveraging on technology and turn out to be a winner by implementing end to end IT solutions from oil discovery to managing human capital(Stevenson, 2012). Thus IT services and products will traverse the entire spectrum of companys verticals crisis crossing the various functions successfully. This will result into streamlining of the processes and better productivity, lower costs and higher bottom lines. The companys IT Infrastructure Outsourcing deal was considered to the most complicated and most innovative program launched by the company ever. As a result, end to end services have been streamlined and standardized and innovations have lowered costs and made the company sharper and leaner in the highly competitive environment. Shell in 2012 has renewed its IT Outsourcing deal with Deutsche Telekoms T-Systemsannounced for another five years towards worldwide hosting and storage services.T-Systemswill provide Shell with data infrastructure and computer services across the world (Grant, 2012). Shell has implemented SAP and cloud computing successfully, boosting efficiency and lowering costs. Shell has signed a $ 300 million deal with Logica for 10 years that will take over Shells in-house IT delivery team across 35 countries in Europe and Asia. This is a move towards cost cutting and better efficiency. Factors that will influence the decision on outsourcing or to keep it in house by using the performance objectives The first factor that needs proper consideration is the political factor because government intervention can be noticed in regular intervals which may cause problem by imposing various legislation, rules, tax policy restrictions that will force the business to implement in the business activities. Political stability which is recognized in Malaysia as it practices high level of Parliamentary Democracy on the basis of monarch in constitution. Another political factor is the tariffs, policy on tax as well as trade control(Sanchez Rodrigues, 2010). It can be noticed that Malaysia has introduced innovative plan on investment strategy in the year 2010 which was established in order to promote natural gas as well as oil exploration. This policy was made by the Shell so that they only needed to pay lesser tax to the government which will definitely be helpful in reducing the overall cost of this company. The last factor which was recognized in the political term is the government policie s on this company. It was noticed that Malaysia was providing subsidies to most of the companies which was involved in the petroleum as well as energy industry. This wills the company to check on their operating cost which was necessary to sustain in the market. The next factor will be the economic factor which includes the rate of interest, inflation rate, unemployment, which will have a direct impact on the performance within an organization (Hill and Hill, 2012). One of the economical factors will be the growth rate of any country. This will help in increasing the investment pattern and spending habits of customers. Therefore, it was noticed that the revenue of Shell was noticed to have an increase in the growth rate. Inflation rate is another economical factor which states that if the inflation rate is kept low, then company can easily make long term plans as because they believe that the money engaged is not wasted rather it can be helpful in the purchasing every year. Social factor is another issue that needs proper attention which includes the cultural as well as demographic issues related to values and attitudes which changes with the change in trend and fashion. This factor will change as per the customer needs as well expectations which will be according to the size of the market potential. Another factor that can lead to change will be the technological factor which includes research and development activities, automation which will give rise to incentives on the basis of technological changes. It will be responsible for taking decisions on outsourcing whether there is any barrier to entry or not, and the level of efficiency in the production area. Last but not the least, there is the ecological factors which includes building relationship with human beings. It has been seen that Shell products can have an adverse effect as far as environment is concerned as because its business activities are to deal with oil and gas (Schonsleben, 2012). Petroleum is the major cause of acid rain, which is responsible to cause various environmental problems like, dead coral reefs, lakes in acidized condition and dead coral reefs. Another destruction issue will be if the petroleum will be burnt, then a large of carbon dioxide gas will come out which will cause heat in the atmosphere which will have effect on the greenhouse. Risks involved in the process of decision making and the recommendations that will help in mitigating the risks Risk should be mitigated as far as possible which will help identifying the various goals which was pre planned in the contingency model. It is advisable that the risk need to be reduced in way of forecasting by supply as well as demand which has to be connected directly with the supplier (Jones and Robinson, 2012). Risk has to be properly managed and it has been classified in three broad categories that have been explained with proper justification: The management should focus on the strategy in order to minimize the risk with the help of capacity as well as managing with the availability of concerned resources as far as possible. Another process in which risk can be reduced will be having proper security which can provide information, privacy in order to compliance in the most effective manner. Process which will involve in the risk management which will be helpful to have a continuous flow of information from the supplier to its customers which helps in building healthy relationship between them (Myerson, 2012).. It can be understood from the above points that outsourcing is all about maintain relationship by various risks, areas of concern, which further includes perfect knowledge of the business activities, in source relationship as well as control with the management as a whole which will lead to maintaining confidentiality which are even beneficial to maintain a healthy relationship with the offshore vendors (Sternberg, 2011). It has been noticed that the IT infrastructure has put more emphasis on the structure of the organization, joint process in fields as well as shouldering the responsibilities to indicate in the control level in the most efficient manner. Other recommendations which should be taken into consideration will be the maintaining the relationship with the outsourcer in order to co operates with them which will definitely helpful in mitigating risk in the framework of this particular company. Another vital issue that can be noticed will be the lack in innovation which may have an adverse effect; rather it should make effort in carrying certain responsibilities by which the insourcer can innovate which will be helpful in carrying out the business activities. If the products are outsourced in the most efficient manner, then a healthy relationship can be built between the company and the outsourcing company and the risk can therefore be mitigated to a large extent as the responsibilities will be divided which will help in the smooth functioning of the Shell Company in order to carry out the business activities. Conclusion Outsourcing embodies a multiplier effect in profits and productivity gains by reduction of risks. Mitigation of risks by adhering to privacy rules and continuous dissemination and uninterrupted flow of information assumes centre stage in a successful outsourcing deal. A leaner organization is in the making after cost cutting is undertaken and outsourcing of low strategic, high operating performance tasks has been dealt with. While marketing and distribution channels could also be outsourced just in the case of an auto manufacturer, higher value verticals like IT too may be outsourced to achieve significant ramp ups in productivity, cost cutting and efficiency. The case of Shell is a win-win deal with its outsourcers with huge improvement in profitability and ROCE. Technology outsourcing in Shell is hailed as an ecosystem. The holistic outsourcing deal of Shell with EDS and T Systems is a stride towards achieving bigger returns on equity. Social, economic and political factors are als o relevant and intertwined in measuring the success of an outsourcing deal. Imposition of taxes and tariffs as in Malaysia is also crucial step by the government and is seen as a political economic development. In crux, Shells outsourcing success story is a profound delving in organizational strategy in the backdrop of outsourcing policy. Reference List Decaro, N. and Buonavoglia, C. (2012). Canine parvovirusA review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c.Veterinary Microbiology, 155(1), pp.1-12. Dey, A., LaGuardia, P. and Srinivasan, M. (2011). Building sustainability in logistics operations: a research agenda.Management Research Review, 34(11), pp.1237-1259. Dowle, E., Morgan-Richards, M., Brescia, F. and Trewick, S. (2015). Correlation of shell phenotype and local environment suggests a role for natural selection in the evolution of Placostylus snails.Mol Ecol, p.n/a-n/a. Grant, D. (2012).Logistics management. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2012).Operations management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Jones, P. and Robinson, P. (2012).Operations management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jumonji domain containing 2C (JMJD2C; KDM4C). (2012).Science-Business eXchange, 5(45). Lin, C. (2011). Management Performance Evaluating in Distribution Center.Contemporary Logistics, pp.3-8. McLaughlin, D. and Olson, J. (n.d.).Healthcare operations management. Myerson, P. (2012).Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pienaar, W. and Vogt, J. (2012).Business logistics management. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Sanchez Rodrigues, V. (2010). Evaluating the causes of uncertainty in logistics operations.The International Journal of Logistics Management, 21(1), pp.45-64. Schonsleben, P. (2012).Integral logistics management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Sternberg, H. (2011). Effective trailer transport operations: using information sharing.International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 10(1), p.1. Stevenson, W. (2012).Operations management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Xu, X. (2011). Quality Control and Management of Plum in Cold Chain Logistics.Contemporary Logistics, pp.28-31. Zuba, D., Sekua, K. and Buczek, A. (2012). Identification and characterization of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitro--phenethylamine (2C-N) A new member of 2C-series of designer drug.Forensic Science International, 222(1-3), pp.298-305.

Macbeth Essays (1340 words) - Characters In Macbeth, Macbeth

Macbeth MacBeth - This dead butcher and his fiend like queen, is the way in which Malcolm describes Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Describe the way in which these two characters changed during the course of the play. At the beginning of the play Macbeth is seen as a courageous soldier who is loyal to the King but is corrupted from the witches prophecies and by his and Lady Macbeth's ambition. This is because of the weakness of Macbeth's character and the strong power of Lady Macbeth and how she is easily able to influence him. Her strength motivates him at the start but after he realises what he has done it is himself that continues in his murderous, bloody path. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth appears as a kind wife of Macbeth's but underneath lies a scheming and treacherous woman. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is a strong soldier who fights for the King without mercy but his strive for ambition and his curious nature leads him to the witches who give him a prophecy. Banquo realises that there must be a trick hidden in the witches prophecies somewhere but Macbeth refuses to accept that, and when Lady Macbeth finds out about the witches her strong desire for ambition and her cold nature leads Macbeth astray. Macbeth is a little ambitious at first, but Lady Macbeth's far exceeds his and so she is able to get Macbeth to agree with her to kill King Duncan. Macbeth still has a conscience at this stage because he is very hesitant about killing the King but his weak nature over comes him. He has a conscience throughout the entire play as this is seen by the hallucinations of the dagger and the ghost of Banquo and his vivid imagination and his constant worry also provokes him. This is also evident in his terrible dreams which gives the solid theme that he has indeed murdered sleep. Throughout the play we see the character of Macbeth change not from just the way he thinks and what we hear from the play, but from the actions he takes in the play, from killing Banquo, then having Lady Macduff and her children murdered, shows the insecurity that was present in Macbeth. After the murder of Duncan Macbeth becomes paranoid and his first step of killing the guards is one of many that Macbeth takes to secure himself. Macbeth is also very superstitious and this is shown when he believes the prophecy the witches told him that Banquo's offspring would become Kings. Towards the end of the play when Macbeth's wife has died and the battle is drawing closer Macbeth shows some good which may have been. He wishes for a normal life for which he would have lived to an honourable age but he recognises that he has denied himself of this. Even when Macbeth hears that the prophecy has become true of Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane, he rejects this idea and fights on until he realises that Macduff wasn't born in a natural birth but instead was Untimely ripped from his mother's womb. When Macbeth hears of this he realises what he has done and how he has been tricked by the witches but instead he realises that it is useless and so he fights on only to be slain. Macbeth can be summarised into a character although strong physically he is very weak mentally and it is this weakness which causes the downfall and change of Macbeth. Other factors do however also contribute to this change such as his wife whose ambition is very strong at first and is much more stronger mentally than Macbeth but it is also Macbeth's ambition and his trust in the witches which ultimately change him. Lady Macbeth seems to be almost opposite compared to that of Macbeth in physical and mental power. Lady Macbeth is the person who is able to persuade Macbeth into killing Duncan, assuring Macbeth that it will succeed, as Lady Macbeth's ambition is far greater than that of Macbeth. This change in the character of Lady Macbeth is apparent after she reads the letter from Macbeth as she goes and talks to the evil spirits to make

Ethical Practices in the Fashion Industry Essay Example

Ethical Practices in the Fashion Industry Essay Example Ethical Practices in the Fashion Industry Paper Ethical Practices in the Fashion Industry Paper Executive Summary Ethical practices in the fashion Industry can be defined as the production of materials with morality. With social responsibility of the world fashion houses, and designers are now acknowledging the significance of ethical business. Trying to run a fashion business on goods that do not harm the environment and are cruelty free is easier said than done as I will bring to surface the ethical issues emerging in the fashion industry. Because fashion is so indicative of the political and social climate n which we live, what we wear will always be a symbol of our environment Ethical fashion is not Just a mere integration of the sustainable development dimensions within the field of conventional fashion, but an entirely new paradigm of fashion (Starts et Erm, 2009). Ethics in a business creates a sense of right and wrong in a business, For the fashion industry to become more ethical they need to be able to satisfy their customers needs and at the same time being morally driven and sequestrating ten planet Ana term ethical include; Fair trade Child/slave labor Carbon footprint Organic Food miles isosceles Tanat teeny affect. Elements Incorporated Animal welfare/testing Recyclable/bio-degradable Global warming Supplier relationships Fair trade laws The major social and environmental certification schemes in fashion are the organic and fair-trade certifications, like the food industry the fashion industry now wants to address issues in their supply chains which I will talk about late on in this report. The organic stamp focuses on farming techniques used to grow organic materials and fair-trade focuses on the business relationships between the supplier and their customers to promote and improve farmers, artisans and suppliers livelihoods and reels above poverty tongue Tall-trialing. I en Tall trace trend Is now growing wit high street retailers opting for more organic and fair-trade certified goods. However even though these certifications present good they dont solve all the ethical issues in the industry because some companies that use these certifications still find a loophole and violate labor right. Fair trade promise consist of: No children under the age of 16 make our products. We provide: equality for men and women in pay and opportunity within the workplace. We pay: a fair wage to all workers that is either at or above the national average. To ensure: safe working conditions, regular breaks and holidays for all workers. To pay: producers in advance so that they do not go into debt buying materials. To promote: traditional crafts in order to keep traditions alive and provide vital income for villages. To work: with smaller community trade projects that provide essential support to disadvantaged people in rural areas. We always: use chemical free and natural dyes which have the least impact on the environment. Increasing :our range of organic cotton to promote sustainable and environmental fashion as well as protecting the health and wellbeing of the growers. To recycle: materials into some of our garments and to use waste fabric to make beautiful bags. We will: continue our research in order to increase our range of organic cotton and biodegradable packaging. To increase: awareness for the need to shop responsibly and to push the multi-nationals into working towards Fair Trade on a global level. (source : HTTPS://www. Intimidating. Com/content/firetrap/our- actions ) Fashion Supply chains In recent years there has been a growing interest in the design and implementation of agile supply chain strategies (Christopher, 2000). One of the most valuable aspects of being ethical especially in the fashion industry is transparency. The problem with this industry is that is very difficult for consumers to find out every detail about how their fashion garments are made and where they came from. The ever-growing globalization, the market expansion and the volatile fashion intensify competition in the fashion chain. Most consumers blame fashion houses for ethical issues in the supply chains, in the fashion world supply chain chains must be highly responsive and be able to satisfy market needs. Fashion brands such as H;M, Primary and Ezra can reduce the whole process cycle from intangible design to a final product ready to sell product in the retail store within a few weeks. The main challenges facing the global fashion supply chain are the rising costs, sourcing markets, the increased competition in retail and also the pressure to incorporate supply chains and alteration towards faster fashion cycles. Figure 2 shows a typical apparel supply chain Within the Fashion industry there are models that reflect directly on the supply chain. Trends must be identified quickly, products designed, samples created and then sent quickly out to the target markets. Each fashion house involves many functional domains such as manufacturing, planning, marketing etc. As snow In ten TTL-2 Detective supply canal manages now AT mean and supply. Making a supply chain ethical isnt about Just fair wages and elimination child labor reducing waste is also as important . For the fashion industry to have ethical supply chains they must therefore not only consider the present issues, but think about how, in the future, it can deliver the same financial rewards while using far less resources. Brands like levis Jeans are now working on detoxifying its supply chain and committing to not using hazardous chemicals from its ENTIRE production process in all countries they manufacture by 2020. High street brands Monsoon and New Look where given top rating for their supply chain policies by the ethical consumers buyers guide by providing decent working conditions for overseas partners and workers. Whilst other elite fashion houses pay no regards to corporate ethics. Fashion and the environment In Todays world everything is now growing at a rapid pace, which means people are starting to consume more in general and material wise because more countries are becoming industrialized. The fashion industry has the power to encourage the consumers to throw away the old products that are still useable and buy the new and more stylish products, is now emphasizing to reserve and preserve in order to be the part of efforts for sustainable development. Householders 1990) the growth in the consumption of fashion has led o major environmental issues such as: water consumption, textiles and clothing waste and landfill. Clothing sent to landfill increases each year not forgetting that some of the materials being thrown away do not decompose and contributes to global warming. The fashion industry is one of the main contributors to the emission in the atmosphere and the loss of resources. Over 5000 chemicals are used in the process of clothes making and the huge growth in water consumption keeps rising. So by choosing more efficient materials that use less resources, less water and cause sees pollution everyone can then begin to design the textile products and more sustainable systems ( Fletcher 2008). Cultural enforceabilitys 2005 Ill Chin Eddie Mort (photo Bags found via Google images)Fashion no longer trickles down from couture to the mainstream; fashion directions come from everywhere various ethnic groups, youth looks from the street, etc. (Gold, 1991). Fashion helps express and shape popular culture, and the fashion industry is the most visible and overlooked of cultural sectors. There are different stimuli that influence the fashion ultra which are low culture, high culture and pop culture. High culture refers to visual arts and other forms of arts such as music. These can be of great inspiration to the fashion industry by observing art, designers get ideas for their designs and some luxury brands collaborate with artists to produce iconic fashion essentials. A great example of a designer that based her collection on high culture is Viviane Westwood her Red Label show was based on women who enjoy art and culture. Hotplate: Jonathan Brady/Geoff Caddied/EPA/APP/Getty Images pop culture is highly influenced by celebrities, in recent years the exposure and power of celebrities has ridiculously increased. Celebrities have become somewhat of role models and also studied by the public. This culture is seen as commercial culture and this can influence lifestyles and self-image of many individuals. Especially that now music and fashion industries are more linked than ever with music and fashion magazines e. G. Rolling Stone marketing fashion conscious artists. Lastly we have the low culture also Known as ten cultures, wanly Includes street craze Tattoos e. G. Skaters style, street/gangster style and harmful style. These are influenced by graffiti movements, sports subcultures are quickly absorbed by mass cultures, low cultures has become more and more fashionable making them easily adaptable to the fashion industry Seasons trends Fashion is a mirror of history, its always rotating, coming back and mixing pieces from a certain time with new century pieces. Trends looks at the communication of changes in the consumer lifestyle fashion in general and culture and are a framework for the appreciation of change and development. During 2012 and this years fashion trends are the unisex clothing and fancy futuristic footwear. They also mix historic pieces and awaken the clouds with metallic giving them a futuristic look to them. Alexander Unseens Futuristic Fall nanny order to understand fashion trends one has to be aware of their social cultural way of living which include different influences. There have been more sustainable and ethical brands being introduced by large retailers than ever before. The seasons trends are changing due to the awareness increase of fashion sustainability issues. Consumers are looking to live and represent more sustainable lifestyles According to a survey constructed on consumers more and more women want to see more green products and clothing in product lines (organic exchange 2007). With the consumers becoming more responsible they have shifted from want more to wanting more quality and authentic fashion. It not about the quantity anymore its about the quality. Kenya West wearing a Cline Silk Blouse from the SP/US 1 1 Collection Unisex looks from the RAID by Raid Hooraying Spring/Summer 2011 Runway Show I I Conclusion It is well defined that the world is slowly but surely embracing the concept of ethical practices in the fashion industry and it is still emerging in different countries. There is still a lot of work that is yet to be done in the realm of fair trade and ethical practices.

10 Facts About Africa

10 Facts About Africa Africa is an amazing continent. From its start as the heart of humanity, it is now home to more than a billion people. It has jungles and desert and even a glacier. It extends into all four hemispheres. It is a place of superlatives. Find out more from these 10 essential facts about the continent: 1) The East African Rift zone, which divides the Somalian and Nubian tectonic plates, is the location of several important discoveries of human ancestors by anthropologists. The active spreading rift valley is thought to be the heartland of humanity, where much human evolution likely took place millions of years ago. The discovery of the partial skeleton of Lucy in 1974 in Ethiopia sparked major research in the region. 2) If you divide the planet into seven continents, then Africa is the worlds second largest continent, covering about 11,677,239 square miles (30,244,049 square km). 3) Africa is located to the south of Europe and southwest of Asia. It is connected to Asia via the Sinai Peninsula in northeastern Egypt. The peninsula itself is usually considered part of Asia, with the Suez Canal and the Gulf of Suez as the dividing line between Asia and Africa. African countries are usually divided into two world regions. The countries of northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, are usually considered part of a region called North Africa and the Middle East, while countries south of the northernmost countries of Africa are usually considered part of the region called Sub-Saharan Africa. In the Gulf of Guinea off the coast of western Africa lies the intersection of the equator and the Prime Meridian. As the Prime Meridian is an artificial line, this point has no true significance. 4) Africa is also the second most populous continent on Earth, with about 1.256 billion people (2017). Africas population is growing faster than Asias population (4.5 billion), but Africa will not catch up to Asias population in the foreseeable future. For an example of Africas growth, Nigeria, currently, the worlds seventh most populous country on Earth, is expected to become the third most populous country by 2050. Africa is expected to grow to 2.5 billion people by 2050. Nine of the 10 highest total fertility rates on Earth are African countries, with Niger topping the list (6.49 births per woman as of 2017). 5) In addition to its high population growth rate, Africa also has the worlds lowest life expectancies. The average life expectancy for citizens of Africa is 61 years for males and 64 years for females, though its a little lower in some regions of Africa and higher in northern Africa (closer to the global average). The continent is home to the worlds highest rates of HIV/AIDS; more than two-thirds of all people infected are in Africa. Better treatment for HIV/AIDS is directly related to average life expectancy rising back to 1990 levels in southern Africa by 2020. 6) With the possible exceptions of Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was colonized by non-African countries. The United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Germany, and Portugal all claimed to rule parts of Africa without the consent of the local population. In 1884–1885 the Berlin Conference was held among these powers to divide up the continent among the non-African powers. Over the following decades, and especially after World War II, African countries gradually regained their independence with the borders as established by the colonial powers. These borders, established without regard to local cultures, have caused numerous problems in Africa. Today, only a few islands and a very small territory on the Moroccan coast (which belongs to Spain) remain as territories of non-African countries. 7) With 196 independent countries on Earth, Africa is home to more than a quarter of these countries. There are 54 fully independent countries on mainland Africa and its surrounding islands. All 54 countries are members of the United Nations. Every country is a member of the African Union, including Morocco, which rejoined in 2017. 8) Africa is fairly non-urbanized. Only 43 percent of Africas population lives in urban areas. Africa is home to only a few megacities with a population greater than 10 million: Cairo, Egypt; Lagos, Nigeria; and Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Cairo and Lagos urban areas are around 20 million, and Kinshasa has about 13 million residents. 9) Mt. Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa. Located in Tanzania near the Kenyan border, this dormant volcano rises to an elevation of 19,341 feet (5,895 meters). Mt. Kilimanjaro is the location of Africas only glacier, although scientists predict that the ice on the top of Mt. Kilimanjaro will disappear by the 2030s due to global warming. 10) While the Sahara Desert is not the largest nor the driest desert on Earth, it is the most notable. The desert covers about 25 percent of the land of Africa.